演講MP3+雙語文稿:我們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對下一場流行病的爆發(fā)？

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【演講人】Nathan Wolfe

【演講主題】《內(nèi)森.沃爾夫?qū)?xì)菌的廣泛研究》

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者Qian YANG 校對Beibei Mu

00:12

When most people think about the beginningsof AIDS, they're gonna think back to the 1980s.And certainly, this was the decade in which we discovered AIDSand the virus that causes it, HIV.But in fact this virus crossed over into humans many decades before,from chimpanzees, where the virus originated, into humans who hunt these apes.

當(dāng)大多數(shù)人思索艾滋病的起源時，他們會回想到20世紀(jì)80年代。當(dāng)然，就是在這個十年里，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了艾滋病，以及導(dǎo)致該病的病毒，艾滋病病毒。但是事實上，這個病毒在幾十年前就已經(jīng)從黑猩猩身上交叉感染到了人類身上，病毒在黑猩猩身上首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，然后傳染到捕獵這些猿類的人類身上。

00:31

This photo was taken before the Great Depressionin Brazzaville, Congo.At this time, there were thousands of individuals,we think, that were infected with HIV.

這張照片是大蕭條之前，在剛果的布拉扎維拍攝的。那時，有成千上百的人，在我們看來，是被艾滋病病毒感染的。

00:40

So I have a couple of really important questions for you.If this virus was in thousandsof individuals at this point,why was it the case that it took us until 1984to be able to discover this virus?OK now, more importantly,had we been there in the '40s and '50s, '60s,had we seen this disease, had we understoodexactly what was going on with it, how might that have changed and completelytransformed the nature of the way this pandemic moved?

所以我有幾個非常重要的問題要問你們。如果病毒存在于數(shù)千人的體內(nèi)，那么為什么直到1984年我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)這個病毒呢？現(xiàn)在，更重要的是，我們生活在20世紀(jì)40年代，50年代，還是60年代，我們看到這個疾病了嗎，我們明白這個病到底是怎么回事嗎？我們明白，它是怎樣改變，而且完全改變了流行性疾病的本質(zhì)嗎？

01:06

In fact, this is not unique to HIV. The vast majority ofviruses come from animals.And you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of virusesfrom animals into human populations.But only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human.Nevertheless, we spend the vast majorityof our energy focused on this level of the pyramid,trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings,that are going to be very very difficult to address --as we've seen in the case of HIV.

事實上，不僅僅是艾滋病病毒。很多的病毒都來自于動物。你可以想成是病毒的金字塔依次從動物到人類但是只有在金字塔的最頂端，這些事情才會發(fā)生在人類身上。不過，我們花了大量的精力專注于金字塔的等級試著處理人類已經(jīng)完全習(xí)慣的事情這些解決起來會非常非常的困難，就像我們看到的艾滋病病毒一樣。

01:32

So during the last 15 years,I've been working to actually study the earlier interface here --what I've labeled "viral chatter," which was a term coinedby my mentor Don Burke.This is the idea that we can study the sort ofpinging of these viruses into human populations,the movement of these agents over into humans;and by capturing this moment,we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early.

所以在最近的15年里，我一直都在致力于，事實上是研究更早時期的聯(lián)系這就是我所稱的“病毒談話者”，這是我的顧問唐.博克發(fā)明的一個用語。這個想法就是，我們可以研究這些病毒是怎么樣感染人類，以及病毒攜帶者進入人體的過程，通過捕捉這一瞬間，我們或許可以追溯到發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒的早期。

01:53

OK, so this is a picture, and I'm going to show yousome pictures now from the field.This is a picture of a central African hunter.It's actually a fairly common picture.One of the things I want you to note from itis blood -- that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact.This was absolutely key for us. This is avery intimate form of connection.So if we're going to study viral chatter, we need toget to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals.

好的，所以這是張照片，我現(xiàn)在要向你們展示一些這個領(lǐng)域的照片。這是中非捕獵者的一張照片其實是很普通的一張照片。我想讓你們從照片中注意一件事情就是血，你可以看到有很多的血液接觸。對我們來說這就是非常之關(guān)鍵。這是一個非常親密的接觸。所以如果我們要研究病毒談話者，我們就需要找到和野生動物有密切接觸的人群。

02:15

And so we've been studying people like this individual.We collect blood from them, other specimens.We look at the diseases, which are in the animals as well as the humans.And ideally, this is going to allow us to catch these thingsearly on, as they're moving over into human populations.And the basic objective of this work is not to justgo out once and look at these individuals,but to establish thousands of individualsin these populations that we would monitorcontinuously on a regular basis.When they were sick, we would collect specimens from them.

所以我們就一直在研究有類似這個人的情況的人。我們從他們身上和其他生物身上提取血樣。我們對這些在動物和人身上所發(fā)生的疾病進行研究。理想的情況是，這可以讓我們在早期就應(yīng)控制住這個疾病因為這些疾病會傳染到人類身上。此項工作最基本的目標(biāo)不僅僅是從外部研究這些受感染的人，而是要在這些人群中建立數(shù)千個個體，這樣我們就可以監(jiān)控在日常的基礎(chǔ)上持續(xù)的監(jiān)控。當(dāng)他們生病時，我們可以從他們身上提取血液樣本。

02:44

We would actually enlist them --which we've done now -- to collect specimens from animals.We give them these little pieces of filter paper.When they sample from animals,they collect the blood on the filter paperand this allows us to identify yet-unknown viruses from exactly the right animals --the ones that are actually being hunted.

我們可以將這些樣本標(biāo)做記號這些我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，在動物身上提取樣本。我們給他們這些小的過濾紙片。當(dāng)他們從動物身上提取樣本時，可以將提取的血液放到濾紙上這就可以允許我們從特定的動物身上發(fā)現(xiàn)未知的病毒，這些動物實際上是已經(jīng)被捕獲的。

03:04

(Video) Narrator: Deep in a remote region of Cameroon,two hunters stalk their prey.Their names are Patrice and Patee.They're searching for bush meat;forest animals they can kill to feed their families.Patrice and Patee set out most days to go out huntingin the forest around their homes.They have a series of traps, of snares that they've set upto catch wild pigs, snakes, monkeys,rodents -- anything they can, really.Patrice and Patee have been out for hours but found nothing.The animals are simply gone.

（視頻）：敘事者：深在喀麥隆遙遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，兩個獵人正在跟蹤他們的獵物。他們的名字是帕特里斯和帕蒂。他們正在尋找非洲野生動物也就是他們可以殺掉用來喂養(yǎng)自己家庭的森林動物。帕特里斯和帕蒂幾乎每天都整裝待發(fā)，外出打獵地點是在他們家周圍的森林里。他們有一系列設(shè)計的圈套和陷阱為了就是捉住野豬、蛇、猴子、鼠類動物，以及任何他們能捕獲的動物。帕特里斯和帕蒂已經(jīng)外出幾小時了，但是一無所獲。動物很輕易的就逃跑了。

03:43

We stop for a drink of water.Then there is a rustle in the brush.A group of hunters approach,their packs loaded with wild game.There's at least three virusesthat you know about, which are in this particular monkey.

我們停下來喝了點水。然后在草叢里有窸窣的響聲。一群獵人走近。他們的包裹里裝滿了不同的野味。至少帶有三種病毒是你知道的，這些病毒存在于一種特殊的猴子身上。

04:07

Nathan Wolfe: This species, yeah. And there's many many more pathogensthat are present in these animals.These individuals are at specific risk,particularly if there's blood contact, they're at risk for transmissionand possibly infection with novel viruses.

內(nèi)森.沃爾夫：這個物種，是的。有很多很多病原體都存在于這些動物身上。這些人都處在一種特定的風(fēng)險之中，尤其是如果人與動物之間有血液接觸，那么人類就有傳染的風(fēng)險也有可能感染其他的病毒。

04:22

Narrator: As the hunters display their kills, something surprising happens.They show us filter paper they've used to collect the animals' blood.The blood will be tested for zoonotic viruses,part of a program Dr. Wolfe has spent years setting up.

敘事者：當(dāng)捕獵者展示他們的技巧時，一些令人吃驚的事情就發(fā)生了。他們向我們展示他們用來提取動物血液的濾紙。血液將用來檢測動物傳染性病毒，沃爾夫博士研究項目的一部分花了幾年的時間才建立起來。

04:35

NW: So this is from this animal right here,Greater Spot-Nosed Guenon.Every person who has one of those filter papers has at least,at a minimum, been through our basic health educationabout the risks associated with these activities,which presumably, from our perspective,gives them the ability to decrease their own risk,and then obviously the risk to their families,the village, the country, and the world.

內(nèi)森.沃爾夫：所以就是從這里的這個動物開始的，也就是大斑鼻猴。每個人都有其中一張過濾紙，這些人至少，都接受過我們基本的健康教育知道與這些活動相關(guān)的風(fēng)險，這可能從我們的觀點來看，能給他們一種降低風(fēng)險的能力，也可以降低對家庭的風(fēng)險，以及村落、國家和世界的危險。

04:58

NW: OK, before I continue, I think it's important to take just a momentto talk about bush meat. Bush meat is the hunting of wild game.OK? And you can consider all sorts of different bush meat.I'm going to be talking about this.When your children and grandchildrensort of pose questions to you about this period of time,one of the things they're gonna ask you,is how it was they we allowed some of our closest living relatives,some of the most valuable and endangered specieson our planet, to go extinct because weweren't able to address some of the issuesof poverty in these parts of the world.

內(nèi)森.沃爾夫：好，在我繼續(xù)之前，我覺得很重要的是花些時間去討論一下非洲野生動物肉。非洲野生動物肉就是捕獲野味。是吧？你可以考慮多種不同的非洲野生動物肉。我要討論的就是這個。當(dāng)你的孩子、孫子和孫女整理出一些關(guān)于這段時期的問題來問你，其中有一件他們要問你的事情，是我們是怎樣使這些動物變成自己最親密的伙伴的，一些地球上最珍貴和瀕臨滅絕的種群將要滅絕，因為我們不能解決世界上這些地區(qū)的一些貧窮問題。

05:26

But in fact that's not the only question they're going to ask you about this.They're also going to ask you the questionthat when we knew that this was the way that HIV enteredinto the human population,and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this,why did we let these behaviors continue?Why did we not find some other solution to this?They're going to say, in regions of profoundinstability throughout the world,where you have intense poverty, where populations are growingand you don't have sustainable resources like this,this is going to lead to food insecurity.

但是事實上這不是他們要問你關(guān)于這個的唯一問題。他們要問你的問題是當(dāng)我們知道這是艾滋病病毒進入人類的方式時，知道其他疾病也有可能會進入人體時，為什么我們要讓這些行為繼續(xù)？為什么我們沒有找到其他的解決辦法呢？他們會說，在那些世界上極其不穩(wěn)定的地區(qū)人們非常貧窮，人口在不斷的增長而且不會有像這可以繼續(xù)利用的資源，這將會導(dǎo)致食品不安全。

05:56

But they're also going to ask you probably a different question.It's one that I think we all need to ask ourselves,which is, why we thought the responsibility rested with this individual here.Now this is the individual -- you can see just right up over his right shoulder --this is the individual that hunted the monkeyfrom the last picture that I showed you.OK, take a look at his shirt.You know, take a look at his face.Bush meat is one of the central crises,which is occurring in our population right now,in humanity, on this planet.But it can't be the fault of somebody like this.OK? And solving it cannot be his responsibility alone.There's no easy solutions,but what I'm saying to you is that we neglect this problemat our own peril.

但是他們也可能會問你一個不同的問題。這是一個我認(rèn)為我們都需要問自己的問題，那就是，為什么我們認(rèn)為這些責(zé)任是這里所指的幾個人的?，F(xiàn)在這就是那個人，你可以看到就是那個右肩膀較高的那個這就是那個捕獲猴子的人在我給你們看過的上一張照片上有他。好，現(xiàn)在來看一下他的襯衫。你知道的，看一下他的臉。非洲野生動物肉是主要風(fēng)險之一，這種風(fēng)險會馬上在我們?nèi)祟惍?dāng)中發(fā)生，會發(fā)生在地球的人類身上。但是這不是一些像這樣人的錯誤。對嗎？解決問題也不是他自己的責(zé)任。沒有簡單的解決方法，但是我要對你們說的是我們忽略了這個問題才導(dǎo)致危險發(fā)生在我們身上。

06:36

So, in 1998, along with my mentorsDon Burke and Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole,we went to actually start this workin Central Africa, to work with huntersin this part of the world.And my job -- at that time I was a post-doctoral fellow,and I was really tasked with setting this up.So I said to myself, "OK, great --we're gonna collect all kinds of specimens. We're gonna go to all thesedifferent locations. It's going to be wonderful."You know, I looked at the map; I picked out 17 sites;I figured, no problem.(Laughter)

所以在1998年時，我和我的導(dǎo)師們唐.伯克以及上校麻破蒂-尼古樂，我們就開始在中非展開這項工作與捕獵者一起工作一起在世界上的這個地方工作而我的工作，在那時我只是個博士后而已，我也確實為了這個項目的開展費盡心機。所以我對自己說，“好吧，很好我們要收集所以種群的標(biāo)本。我們要去不同的地方。這將是很不錯的。”你知道，我看了一下地圖，我挑選了17個地點，我想，沒有問題。（笑聲）

07:05

Needless to say, I was drastically wrong.This is challenging work to do.Fortunately, I had and continue to havean absolutely wonderful team of colleagues and collaborators in my own team,and that's the only way that this work can really occur.We have a whole range of challenges about this work.

不用說，我大錯特錯了。這是一項有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作幸運的是，我以前擁有，以后也會繼續(xù)擁有一支同事和合作者的完美團隊，這也是開展這項工作的唯一辦法。對此項工作，我們要面臨很多挑戰(zhàn)。

07:19

One of them is just obtaining trustfrom individuals that we work with in the field.The person you see on the right hand side is Paul DeLong-Minutu.He's one of the best communicators that I've really ever dealt with.When I arrived I didn't speak a word of French,and I still seemed to understand what it was he was saying.Paul worked for yearson the Cameroonian national radio and television,and he spoke about health issues. He was a health correspondent.So we figured we'd hire this person -- when we got there he couldbe a great communicator.When we would get to these rural villages, though, what we found outis that no one had television,so they wouldn't recognize his face.But -- when he began to speakthey would actually recognize his voice from the radio.And this was somebody who had incrediblepotential to spread aspects of our message,whether it be with regards to wildlife conservationor health prevention.

其中的一個就是要取得我們與之工作的人們的信任。你看到在你右手邊的那個人是保羅.德朗.米奴圖。他是我曾經(jīng)接觸過最好的溝通者之一。當(dāng)我到那里時，我不會說法語，但是我似乎明白他在說什么保羅已經(jīng)在喀麥隆國家電臺和電視工作好幾年，他談?wù)摰氖墙】祮栴}。他是一個健康方面的記者。®所以我們就想要請這個人，這樣當(dāng)我們到喀麥隆的時候，他將會是一個很不錯的交流者。當(dāng)我們到達(dá)這些村落的時候，我們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有人有電視機，所以他們根本不認(rèn)識他。但是當(dāng)他開始說話時他們就能知道這是電臺里的聲音。這里有些人有著不可置信的能力來傳播我們的信息，不論是野生動物保護還是健康疾病預(yù)防。

08:07

Often we run into obstacles. This is us coming back fromone of these very rural sites,with specimens from 200 individualsthat we needed to get back to the lab within 48 hours.I like to show this shot -- this isUbald Tamoufe, who's the leadinvestigator in our Cameroon site.Ubald laughs at me when I show this photobecause of course you can't see his face.But the reason I like to show the shotis because you can see that he's about to solve this problem.(Laughter)Which -- which he did, which he did.Just a few quick before and after shots.This was our laboratory before.This is what it looks like now.Early on, in order to ship our specimens,we had to have dry ice. To get dry ice we had to goto the breweries -- beg, borrow, steal to get these folks to give it to us.Now we have our own liquid nitrogen.I like to call our laboratory the coldest place in Central Africa -- it might be.And here's a shot of me, this is the before shot of me.(Laughter)No comment.

我們經(jīng)常會遇到麻煩。這是我們從其中的一個村落里回來，帶著200個人的血液樣本我們需要將這些標(biāo)本在48小時之內(nèi)送回實驗室。我想給大家展示一下，這是阿布德.他莫夫，他是我們喀麥隆實驗基地的主要調(diào)查者。當(dāng)我給他看這張照片時，他還朝我大笑當(dāng)然你看不到他的臉。但是我想展示這張照片的原因就是因為你可以看到他要解決這個問題。笑聲這個，這個就是他做的。這個就是他做的。就在照之前和照之后的很快的時間里。這是我們以前的實驗室。這是現(xiàn)在的樣子。早些時候，為了海運我們的標(biāo)本，我們不得不用干冰。為了得到干冰，我們不得不去釀酒廠，祈求他們借給我們干冰，甚至去偷干冰?，F(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)有我們自己的液體氮了。我喜歡將我們的實驗室稱作中非最冷的地方，或許它是吧。這是我的照片，這是照相之前的我。（笑聲）無可奉告。

09:04

So what happened? So during the 10 years that we've been doingthis work, we actually surprised ourselves.We made a number of discoveries.And what we've found is that if you look in the right place,you can actually monitor the flowof these viruses into human populations.That gave us a tremendous amount of hope.What we've found is a whole range of new viruses in these individuals,including new viruses in the same groupas HIV -- so, brand new retroviruses.And let's face it, any new retrovirus in thehuman population -- it's something we should be aware of.It's something we should be following. It's not somethingthat we should be surprised by.

那么發(fā)生什么了？在這10年里，我們一直在做的就是這項工作，我們實際給我們自己很多驚喜。我們做了很多發(fā)現(xiàn)。我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，如果你看對了，你就可以監(jiān)控這些病毒向人類傳播的流動過程。這給了我們很大的希望。我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的是這些人身上一系列的新型病毒，包括和HIV病毒同種類型的新病毒所以是全新的反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒。讓我們來看一下，任何存在于人類身上的反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒，就是我們應(yīng)該意識到的事情。這是我們應(yīng)該密切關(guān)注的事情。這不是我們應(yīng)該感到驚訝的事情。

09:37

Needless to say in the pastthese viruses entering into these rural communitiesmight very well have gone extinct.That's no longer the case. Logging roads provide access to urban areas.And critically, what happens in central Africadoesn't stay in Central Africa.So, once we discovered that it was really possiblethat we could actually do this monitoring,we decided to move this from research, toreally attempt to phase up to a global monitoring effort.Through generous support and partnershipscientifically with Google.org and the Skoll Foundation,we were able to start the Global Viral Forecasting Initiativeand begin work in four different sitesin Africa and Asia.Needless to say, different populations from different parts of the worldhave different sorts of contact.So it's not just hunters in Central Africa.It's also working in live animal markets --these wet markets -- which is exactly the place whereSARS emerged in Asia.But really, this is just the beginning from our perspective.

不用說在過去侵入這些村落社區(qū)的病毒可能已經(jīng)銷聲匿跡了。事情已經(jīng)不是這樣子了。伐木道路建設(shè)給這些村落提供了進城的的機會。發(fā)生在中非的事情不會永遠(yuǎn)在中非。所以一旦我們發(fā)現(xiàn)如果真有這種可能我們可以做此監(jiān)控的話就決定從這項研究繼續(xù)進行下去，真正的將全世界的努力融合到一起。通過人們大量的支持和與谷歌公司，史科爾基金會科學(xué)的合作，我們就可以開始進行全球病毒預(yù)防行動然后開始在非洲和亞洲的四個不同的地點開始工作。不用說，世界不同地方的不同人群都有不同程度的接觸。所以不僅僅是中非的捕獵人。這也可以在活動物市場進行，這些市場就是亞洲SARS病毒出現(xiàn)的那個地方。但是這就是我們目標(biāo)的開始。

10:33

Our objective right now, in addition todeploying to these sites and getting everything moving,is to identify new partnersbecause we feel like this effort needs to be extendedto probably 20 or more sites throughout the world -- to viral hotspots --because really the idea here is to cast an incredibly wide netso that we can catch these things, ideally,before they make it to blood banks,sexual networks, airplanes. And that's really our objective.There was a time not very long agowhen the discovery of unknown organismswas something that held incredible awe for us.It had potential to really change the way that we saw ourselves,and thought about ourselves.

我們現(xiàn)在的目標(biāo)，除了利用這些基地，并開始著手開始一切工作，就是找到新的合作者，因為我們感覺我們對病毒熱點問題的努力需要進一步延伸到世界上大約20個或超過20個基地因為這個想法真的就可以建立起一張難以置信的巨大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這樣，理想上來說，我們就可以捕捉到這些信息，之后血液就可以轉(zhuǎn)到血庫，性網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及飛機上。這才是我們的目標(biāo)。有不長的一段時間，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種未知的生物這是一種讓我們非常害怕的東西。它確實改變了我們看待自己的方式，讓我們思考一下自己。

11:09

Many people, I think, on our planet right nowdespair, and they thinkwe've reached a point where we've discovered most of the things.I'm going tell you right now: please don't despair.If an intelligent extra-terrestrialwas taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet,27 out of 30 of these volumeswould be devoted to bacteria and virus,with just a few of the volumes leftfor plants, fungus and animals,humans being a footnote;interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless.This is honestly the most exciting periodever for the study of unknown life forms on our planet.The dominant things that exist herewe know almost nothing about.And yet finally, we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that worldand understand them.

我覺得現(xiàn)在地球上的很多人都很絕望，他們認(rèn)為我們已經(jīng)達(dá)到了發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)東西的地步。我現(xiàn)在可以告訴你：請不要絕望。如果一個聰明的天外來客因在我們地球上編寫生活的大百科全書而被收稅的話，30卷中會有27卷講述細(xì)菌和病毒，只有很少的幾卷講述植物，真菌和動物人類的內(nèi)容只是補充說明而已這會是一個很有趣的腳注，但是僅此而已。老實說，這將是最令人興奮的時代因為這是關(guān)于我們地球上未知生活方式的探索和研究。對于這種已經(jīng)存在的占我們生活主導(dǎo)地位的事情我們幾乎什么也不知道。最后我們有工具可以讓我們真正的去探索世界認(rèn)知世界。

11:58

Thank you very much.(Applause)

非常感謝。（掌聲）