演講MP3+雙語文稿:改造過的超級植物如何延緩氣候變化
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【演講人】Joanne Chory
【演講主題】改造過的超級植物如何延緩氣候變化
【中英文字幕】獲取完整版字幕
翻譯者Jin Ge 校對者 Chen
00:05
Irecently had an epiphany. I realized that I could actually play a role insolving one of the biggest problems that faces mankind today, and that is theproblem of climate change. It also dawned on me that I had been working for 30years or more just to get to this point in my life where I could actually makethis contribution to a bigger problem. And every experiment that I have done inmy lab over the last 30 years and people who work for me did in my lab over thelast 30 years has been directed toward doing the really big experiment, thisone last big experiment.
我最近有了頓悟。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實我 可以扮演一個角色， 協(xié)助解決人類現(xiàn)今 所面臨最大的一個難題， 那就是氣候變化的問題。 我也開始明白， 我已經(jīng)工作了三十年， 只是為了到達 人生中的這個節(jié)點，讓我能為更大的問題貢獻心力。 過去三十年， 我在實驗室中做的每個實驗， 以及過去三十年， 在實驗室中 手下人所做的實驗， 都是為了這個非常大的實驗， 最后一個大實驗。
00:46
Sowho am I? I'm a plant geneticist. I live in a world where there's too much CO2in the atmosphere because of human activity. But I've come to appreciate theplants as amazing machines that they are, whose job has been, really, to justsuck up CO2. And they do it so well, because they've been doing it for over 500million years. And they're really good at it. And so ...
所以，我是誰呢？我是一個植物遺傳學家。我們居住的這個世界， 大氣的二氧化碳濃度太高，而這是由于人類活動造成的。而我漸漸開始欣賞植物身為了不起的機器的那一面，它們的工作都只是 吸光二氧化碳。它們做得非常好， 因為它們做這件事已經(jīng)做了超過五億年。它們非常擅長做這件事。所以……
01:17
Ialso have some urgency I want to tell you about. As a mother, I want to give mytwo children a better world than I inherited from my parents, it would be nicerto keep it going in the right direction, not the bad direction.
我也有件急迫的事要跟各位談。身為母親，我想要給 我的兩個孩子更好的世界， 至少比我父母給我的要更好， 我比較希望看到的是世界 朝對的方向繼續(xù)前進， 而不是壞的方向。
01:30
ButI also ... I've had Parkinson's for the last 15 years, and this gives me asense of urgency that I want to do this now, while I feel good enough to reallybe part of this team. And I have an incredible team. We all work together, andthis is something we want to do because we have fun. And if you're only goingto have five people trying to save the planet, you better like each other,because you're going to be spending a lot of time together.
但是我也……我有帕金森氏癥， 它跟了我十五年，這讓我更急著想要現(xiàn)在就做這件事，趁我的狀況還不錯， 還能為團隊盡力的時候。我的團隊非常棒。我們都同心協(xié)力，我們想要做這件事 是因為我們做得很開心。而且，如果你們只有五個人 在試圖拯救地球，你們最好喜歡彼此，因為你們會花很多時間相處在一起。
01:59
（Laughter）
02:00
OK,alright. But enough about me. Let's talk about CO2. CO2 is the star of my talk.Now, most of you probably think of CO2 as a pollutant. Or perhaps you think ofCO2 as the villain in the novel, you know? It's always the dark side of CO2.But as a plant biologist, I see the other side of CO2, actually. And that CO2that we see, we see it differently because I think we remember, as plantbiologists, something you may have forgotten. And that is that plants actuallydo this process called photosynthesis. And when they do photosynthesis -- allcarbon-based life on our earth is all because of the CO2 that plants and otherphotosynthetic microbes have dragged in from CO2 that was in the atmosphere.And almost all of the carbon in your body came from air, basically. So you comefrom air, and it's because of photosynthesis, because what plants do is theyuse the energy in sunlight, take that CO2 and fix it into sugars. It's a greatthing.
好，不要再談我了。咱們來談談二氧化碳。二氧化碳是我這場演說的明星。在座大部分的人可能都認為 二氧化碳是污染物?；蛘?，也許你們認為二氧化碳是小說中的反派?？偸强吹蕉趸嫉暮诎得妗５?，身為植物生物學家，我看的其實是二氧化碳的另一面。我們所看到的二氧化碳，我們會對它另眼看待是因為，身為植物生物學家，我們記得某件你們可能已經(jīng)遺忘的事。那就是，植物會進行一個叫做光合作用的過程。當它們進行光合作用時——地球上所有的碳基生物，都來自于植物 和其他光合作用微生物把大氣中的二氧化碳吸收進來?；旧?，你們體內 所有的碳都來自空氣。所以你們來自空氣，因為光合作用，因為植物所做的就是 使用太陽的能量來吸取二氧化碳，放到糖類中。這是件好事。
03:08
Andthe other thing that is really important for what I'm going to tell you todayis that plants and other photosynthetic microbes have a great capacity fordoing this -- twentyfold or more than the amount of CO2 that we put up becauseof our human activities. And so, even though we're not doing a great job atcutting our emissions and things, plants have the capacity, as photosyntheticorganisms, to help out. So we're hoping that's what they'll do.
還有一件事，也對今天要談的主題很重要，那就是，植物和其他 光合作用微生物做這件事的能力很強——比我們人類活動 所產(chǎn)生出來的二氧化碳量還要高二十倍以上。所以，雖然我們在減少排放方面沒有做得很好，但是，身為光合作用有機體，植物或許有能力協(xié)助我們。所以，我們希望它們能夠幫忙。
03:41
Butthere's a catch here. We have to help the plants a little ourselves, becausewhat plants like to do is put most of the CO2 into sugars. And when the end ofthe growing season comes, the plant dies and decomposes, and then all that workthey did to suck out the CO2 from the atmosphere and make carbon-based biomassis now basically going right back up in the atmosphere as CO2.
但是，沒這么容易的事。我們自己得要先稍微協(xié)助植物，因為，植物會做的是把 大部分的二氧化碳放到糖類中。在生長季節(jié)要結束時，植物會死亡并分解，接著，它們之前做的所有工作：將二氧化碳從大氣中吸掉以及制造碳基生物質，現(xiàn)在基本上都以二氧化碳的 形式回到大氣當中。
04:07
Sohow can we get plants to redistribute the CO2 they bring in into somethingthat's a little more stable? And so it turns out that plants make this product,and it's called suberin. This is a natural product that is in all plant roots.And suberin is really cool, because as you can see there, I hope, everywhereyou see a black dot, that's a carbon. There's hundreds of them in thismolecule. And where you see those few red dots, those are oxygens. And oxygenis what microbes like to find so they can decompose a plant. So you can see whythis is a perfect carbon storage device. And actually it can stabilize thecarbon that gets fixed by the plant into something that's a little bit betterfor the plant.
所以，我們要如何讓植物重新分配它們所帶入的二氧化碳，制成稍微更穩(wěn)定一點的東西？結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，植物會制造一項產(chǎn)物，叫做軟木脂。它是一種天然產(chǎn)物， 在所有植物的根部都有。軟木脂非常酷，因為各位可以在這里 看到，我希望可以，凡是看到黑點的地方，就代表碳。在這個分子中有數(shù)百個黑點。還可以看到少數(shù)的紅點，它們是氧。微生物喜歡去找氧，這么一來它們就可以分解植物。所以各位可以看得出來這為什么是個完美的碳儲存裝置。事實上，它可以穩(wěn)定植物所提供的碳，成為對植物更好一點的東西。
04:56
Andso, why now? Why is now a good time to do a biological solution to thisproblem? It's because over the last 30 or so years -- and I know that's a longtime, you're saying, "Why now?" -- but 30 years ago, we began tounderstand the functions of all the genes that are in an organism in general.And that included humans as well as plants and many other complicatedeukaryotes. And so, what did the 1980s begin? What began then is that we nowknow the function of many of the genes that are in a plant that tell a plant togrow. And that has now converged with the fact that we can do genomics in afaster and cheaper way than we ever did before. And what that tells us is that alllife on earth is really related, but plants are more related to each other thanother organisms. And that you can take a trait that you know from one plant andput it in another plant, and you can make a prediction that it'll do the samething. And so that's important as well. Then finally, we have these littlegenetic tricks that came along, like you heard about this morning -- thingslike CRISPR, that allows us to do editing and make genes be a little differentfrom the normal state in the plant.
所以，為什么是現(xiàn)在？為什么現(xiàn)在是個好的時機點， 很適合用生物解決方案來處理這個問題？因為，在過去三十年左右——我知道那是很長的時間， 你們說“為什么是現(xiàn)在？”——但是，三十年前，我們開始了解一般有機體中所有基因的功能。那包括了人類以及植物，還有許多其他復雜的真核生物。所以，80年代是什么的開端？那時，我們開始了解在植物中有許多基因的功能 在告訴植物要如何生長。那些知識現(xiàn)在被用在基因組學上，發(fā)明出比以前更快速、 更便宜的方法。我們從中學到的是，地球上的所有生命都是相關聯(lián)的，但是，植物和彼此的關系 比和其他有機體之間的關系更密切。你可以選一項 你所知道的植物特性，放到另一株植物上，你便可以預測， 它會做出同樣的事。這點也十分重要。最后，我們還有 這些小小的基因技倆，比如今天早上各位聽到的那些——像是 CRISPR，可以用來編輯基因并制造出和植物中 正常狀態(tài)不太一樣的基因。
06:15
OK,so now we have biology on our side. I'm a biologist, so that's why I'mproposing a solution to the climate change problem that really involves thebest evolved organism on earth to do it -- plants. So how are we going to doit? Biology comes to the rescue. Here we go. OK.
好的，現(xiàn)在，生物學站在我們這一邊。我是生物學家，那就是為什么我針對氣候變化問題提出的解決方案會需要依賴地球上演化得 最好的有機體——植物。所以，我們要怎么做？生物學來救援了。來吧。好的。
06:37
Youhave to remember three simple things from my talk, OK? We have to get plants tomake more suberin than they normally make, because we need them to be a littlebetter than what they are. We have to get them to make more roots, because ifwe make more roots, we can make more suberin -- now we have more of the cellsthat suberin likes to accumulate in. And then the third thing is, we want theplants to have deeper roots. And what that does is -- we're asking the plant, actually,"OK, make stable carbon, more than you used to, and then bury it for us inthe ground." So they can do that if they make roots that go deep ratherthan meander around on the surface of the soil.
請各位記住這場演說的三個簡單要點，好嗎？我們要讓植物制造出 比正常量更多的軟木脂，因為我們需要它們比現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)再更好一些。我們要讓它們制造更多根，因為，如果能制造多根，就能制造更多軟木脂——現(xiàn)在，我們有更多 能夠聚集軟木脂的細胞，第三點，我們希望植物的根更深。那樣的用途是——我們其實是在請求植物： “好，制造穩(wěn)定的碳，比平常的還要多，接著，為我們 將這些碳埋在地下。 ”所以，如果它們的根很深，而不是在接近土壤表面處迂回， 它們就能做到這件事。
07:20
Thoseare the three traits we want to change: more suberin, more roots, and the lastone, deep roots. Then we want to combine all those traits in one plant, and wecan do that easily and we will do it, and we are doing it actually, in themodel plant, Arabidopsis, which allows us to do these experiments much faster thanwe can do in another big plant. And when we find that we have plants wheretraits all add up and we can get more of them, more suberin in those plants,we're going to move it all -- we can and we we will, we're beginning to do this-- move it to crop plants. And I'll tell you why we're picking crop plants todo the work for us when I get to that part of my talk.
這三項特性是我們想要改變的：更多軟木脂、更多根， 以及，最后一項，更深的根。接著，我們想把這三項特性結合到同一株植物中，這很容易，我們將會這么做，其實，我們正在這么做，用的是模型植物，阿拉伯芥，這種植物讓我們 做實驗的速度能更快，比使用其他大型植物更快。當我們的植物有了 所有這些特性之后，我們就能從那些植物取得更多軟木脂，我們打算全部移植——我們能且我們會這么做，我們已經(jīng)開始著手——移植到作物植物上。我等下會告訴各位為什么要選作物植物來為我們做這項工作。
08:04
OK,so I think this is the science behind the whole thing. And so I know we can dothe science, I feel pretty confident about that. And the reason is because,just in the last year, we've been able to find single genes that affect each ofthose three traits. And in several of those cases, two out of the three, wehave more than one way to get there. So that tells us we might be able to evencombine within a trait and get even more suberin. This shows one result, wherewe have a plant here on the right that's making more than double the amount ofroot than the plant on the left, and that's just because of the way weexpressed one gene that's normally in the plant in a slightly different waythan the plant usually does on its own. Alright, so that's just one example Iwanted to show you.
好，這就是這種做法背后的科學。我知道科學的部分我們 沒問題，這我有信心。 原因是因為，就在去年， 我們分別找出了影響 那三項特性的個別基因。 在許多情況中， 大概有三分之二的比例， 我們都有不只一種方法可以辦到。那就表示，我們甚至可以 在單一項特性中做組合， 來取得更多軟木脂。 這里呈現(xiàn)的結果是， 在右手邊的植物， 它的根的數(shù)量，比左邊的 一般植物高出兩倍之多， 它會變成這樣，是因為我們將這種植物中的一個常見基因 用和它自己一般的做法 稍微不同的方式來表現(xiàn)。 好，這只是我想 給各位看的一個例子。
08:53
Andnow I want to tell you that, you know, we still have a lot of challenges,actually, when we get to this problem, because it takes ... We have to get thefarmers to actually buy the seeds, or at least the seed company to buy seedsthat farmers are going to want to have. And so when we do the experiments, wecan't actually take a loss in yield, because while we are doing theseexperiments, say, beginning about 10 years from now, the earth's populationwill be even more than it is right now. And it's rapidly growing still. So bythe end of the century, we have 11 billion people, we have wasted ecosystemsthat aren't really going to be able to handle all the load they have to takefrom agriculture. And then we also have this competition for land. And so wefigure, to do this carbon sequestration experiment actually requires a fairamount of land. We can't take it away from food, because we have to feed thepeople that are also going to be on the earth until we get past this bigcrisis. And the climate change is actually causing loss of yield all over theearth.
現(xiàn)在，我想要跟各位談的是，我們其實還要面對很多挑戰(zhàn)， 才能解決這個問題， 我們得要讓農(nóng)夫 真的去買這些種子， 或至少讓種子公司去買 農(nóng)夫想要買的這些種子。 所以，當我們做實驗時， 我們其實無法承受產(chǎn)出損失，因為，當我們在做這些實驗時， 比如，從現(xiàn)在開始算起十年， 地球的人口將會比現(xiàn)在還多。 人口仍然在快速成長。 到這個世紀末， 我們將有一百一十億人， 我們未能有效利用的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，將無法處理 來自農(nóng)業(yè)的所有負荷。 接著，還有土地競爭。 所以，我們認為， 要做這種碳隔離實驗， 其實會需要相當大片的土地。 我們不能搶食物用的土地， 因為在我們渡過這次危機之前，我們仍然得要提供 食物給地球上的人。 而氣候變化其實已經(jīng) 在世界各地造成了產(chǎn)出損失。
10:06
Sowhy would farmers want to buy seeds if it's going to impact yield? So we're notgoing to let it impact yield, we're going to always have checks and balancesthat says go or no go on that experiment. And then the second thing is, when aplant actually makes more carbon and buries it in the soil like that, almostall the soils on earth are actually depleted of carbon because of the load fromagriculture, trying to feed eight billion people, which is what lives on theearth right now. And so, that is also a problem as well. Plants that are makingmore carbon, those soils become enriched in carbon. And carbon-enriched soilsactually hold nitrogen and they hold sulphur and they hold phosphate -- all theminerals that are required for plants to grow and have a good yield. And theyalso retain water in the soil as well. So the suberin will break up into littleparticles and give the whole soil a new texture. And as we've shown that we canget more carbon in that soil, the soil will get darker. And so we will be ableto measure all that, and hopefully, this is going to help us solve the problem.So, OK.
所以，農(nóng)夫怎么會想要買會影響產(chǎn)出的種子？所以，我們不能讓它影響產(chǎn)出，我們得要一直有制衡原則，來決定實驗要不要進行。第二點，當植物 真的制造出更多碳，并這樣將碳埋入土壤時，地球上幾乎所有的土壤的碳 可能都已經(jīng)耗盡了，原因是農(nóng)業(yè)的負擔，現(xiàn)在地球上有八十億人，要提供他們食物所造成的負擔。所以，那也是個問題。制造更多碳的植物， 那些土壤就會更富含碳。富含碳的土壤其實也含有氮，還有硫以及磷酸鹽——這些都是植物成長并盛產(chǎn) 所需要的礦物質。它們也會讓土壤中保有水份。所以，軟木脂會拆開成為小粒子，讓整體土壤有新的結構。我們已經(jīng)展示過， 若土壤中有更多碳，顏色會變得比較暗。我們能夠測量這項特性，希望這能協(xié)助我們解決問題。所以，好的。
11:16
Sowe have the challenges of a lot of land that we need to use, we have to getfarmers to buy it, and that's going to be the hard thing for us, I think,because we're not really salesmen, we're people who like to Google a personrather than meet them, you know what I mean?
我們的挑戰(zhàn)包括 需要使用很多土地，要讓農(nóng)夫去購買，我認為，那對我們來說會很困難，因為我們不是推銷員，我們這種人比較喜歡去 Google 別人而不是去和別人見面。你們能懂吧？（笑聲）
11:31
（Laughter）
11:32
That'swhat scientists are mostly like.
大部分科學家都是這樣子的。
11:35
Butwe know now that, you know, no one can really deny -- the climate is changing,everyone knows that. And it's here and it's bad and it's serious, and we needto do something about it. But I feel pretty optimistic that we can do this. SoI'm here today as a character witness for plants. And I want to tell you thatplants are going to do it for us, all we have to do is give them a little help,and they will go and get a gold medal for humanity.
但是我們知道，沒有人能否認——氣候正在變遷，大家都知道。事情發(fā)生了，狀況很糟，很嚴重，而我們得要采取行動。但是對此我是相對樂觀。所以，今天我是以植物的 品格證人身分來到這里。我想要告訴各位，植物會為我們做這些，我們只需要給它們一點點協(xié)助，它們就會為人類取得金牌。
12:01
Thankyou very much.
非常謝謝。
12:02
（Applause）
12:06
（Cheers）
12:08
Thankyou.
12:10
（Applause）
12:17
Ifinally got it out.
我終于把它說完了。
12:23
ChrisAnderson: Wow. Joanne, you're so extraordinary. Just to be sure we heard thisright: you believe that within the next 10 years you may be able to offer theworld seed variants for the major crops, like -- what? -- wheat, corn, mayberice, that can offer farmers just as much yield, sequester three times, fourtimes, more carbon than they currently do? Even more than that?
克里斯·安德森：哇。喬安妮，你真了不起。讓我確認一下我們有聽對：你認為在接下來的十年間，你們將會為世界創(chuàng)造出主要作物種子的變種， 比如小麥、玉米，也許還有稻子，而且農(nóng)夫還是能保持產(chǎn)量，并捕捉到比目前還要高 三倍或四倍的碳量？甚至更多？
12:52
JoanneChory: We don't know that number, really. But they will do more.
喬安妮·喬里：我們其實 不知道確切數(shù)字。但是它們會產(chǎn)出更多。
12:56
CA:And at the same time, make the soil that those farmers have more fertile?
安德森：并且，同時，讓那些農(nóng)夫的土壤更肥沃？
13:01
JC:Yes, right.
喬安妮：是的，沒錯。
13:03
CA:So that is astonishing. And the genius of doing that and a solution that canscale where there's already scale.
安德森：那好驚人。且非常天才，這個解決方案能夠將已經(jīng)有的規(guī)模再擴大規(guī)模。
13:10
JC:Yes, thank you for saying that.
喬安妮：是的，謝謝你這么說。
13:12
CA:No, no, you said it, you said it. But it almost seems too good to be true. YourAudacious Project is that we scale up the research in your lab and pave the wayto start some of these pilots and make this incredible vision possible.
安德森：不，不，是你說的，你說的。但聽起來太好了，不太像真的。你的“大膽項目”是要 把你的實驗室研究擴大規(guī)模，并為一些試點計劃鋪路，讓這了不起的遠景成為可能。
13:28
JC:That's right, yes, thank you.
喬安妮：沒錯，是的，謝謝你。
13:30
CA:Joanne Chory, thank you so much. Godspeed.
安德森：喬安妮·喬里， 非常謝謝你。祝成功。
13:33
（Applause）
13:36
JC:Thank you.
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