03 吃素比吃肉更環(huán)保?先得要吃對了才行
生產(chǎn)蔬菜食物造成的碳排放量,一定比肉類的低嗎?
據(jù)一家中國主流媒體,一家德國媒體報道稱,隨著富裕程度的提高,中國人餐桌上的肉類正在不斷增加。位于舊金山的環(huán)保組織野生救援協(xié)會發(fā)布了這樣的數(shù)據(jù):2015年中國人均肉類消費量為63千克,生產(chǎn)這些肉類產(chǎn)生的人均溫室氣體,其升溫效應(yīng)相當于876千克二氧化碳。近年來中國人飲食結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,吃肉量增大導致全球變暖?
網(wǎng)友們紛紛表示不服:這個鍋我們中國人可不背,要說飲食結(jié)構(gòu),西方國家的人們才是真正的“肉食動物”呢——
@Teddy要去UK:德國人天天吃香腸我們說什么了。
@Claude-Monet:拿肉當飯吃的認為拿肉當菜吃的吃肉太多?
(來源:Weibo.com)
不過,姑且不去討論中國人飯碗里的肉食是不是影響了世界氣候,人們都是越來越相信:畜牧業(yè)是全球溫室氣體排放的重要來源之一。
據(jù)Wikipedia:
Due to the significant contribution of agriculture to the emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, the relationship between humans and livestock is being analyzed for its potential to help mitigate climate change.Strategies for the mitigation include optimizing the use of gas produced from manure for energy production (biogas).
農(nóng)業(yè)是非二氧化碳溫室氣體(如甲烷和一氧化二氮)排放的重要來源。為此,人們正在分析人類和牲畜之間的關(guān)系,以尋求減緩氣候變化的潛在方法。其策略包括,最大化利用動物糞便產(chǎn)生的沼氣來發(fā)電等。
《國際財經(jīng)時報》(International Business Times)指出,甲烷的溫室效應(yīng)遠高于二氧化碳,而畜牧業(yè)產(chǎn)生著驚人的甲烷排放量:
A new study of methane emissions finds that the U.S.is spewing 50 percent more methane, a greenhouse gas 21 times better at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere than the Environmental Protection Agency previously assumed.
一項最新的甲烷排放研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美國的排放到大氣中的甲烷量比環(huán)境保護署此前預(yù)測的高出50%。甲烷的溫室效應(yīng)是二氧化碳的21倍。
A single cow can produce between 250 and 500 liters, or about 66 to 132 gallons, of methane a day (the average U.S.vehicle gas tank can hold about 16 gallons of gas).
一頭牛每天可以產(chǎn)生250到500升(合66到132加侖)甲烷。而平均美國汽車油箱可以裝載16加侖甲烷。
英國《衛(wèi)報》之前就曾經(jīng)刊登這樣一篇文章:
Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say
科學家稱:減少食肉量可避免全球變暖
里面是這樣說的:
Growing food for the world's burgeoning population is likely to send greenhouse gas emissions over the threshold of safety, unless more is done to cut meat consumption, a new report has found.
一項最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),世界人口迅速增長,食物量也隨之增加,這似乎正將溫室氣體排放量推著超過安全線,除非人們減少肉食的消費。
A widespread switch to vegetarianism would cut emissions by nearly two-thirds, it said.
這項研究稱,普遍選擇吃素有望將溫室氣體排放量減少近三分之二。
In three decades, emissions related to agriculture and food production are likely to account for about half of the world's available “carbon budget”-the limited amount of carbon dioxide and its equivalents that can be poured into the atmosphere if we are to hold global warming to no more than 2C.
三十年內(nèi),農(nóng)業(yè)和食物生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的溫室氣體排放有可能占全世界“碳預(yù)算”中的一半。所謂“碳預(yù)算”,即為了達到全球氣溫增長控制在2攝氏度以內(nèi)這個目標,排放到大氣中的二氧化碳和二氧化碳當量氣體的上限值。
While energy generation, transport and buildings have long been a target for governments, businesses and campaigners looking to reduce emissions, the impact from food production has often been left out.But on current trends, with intensive agriculture increasingly geared towards livestock rearing, food production will be a major concern.
政府、商界和活動人士在尋求減少溫室氣體排放時,一直以來都把目標鎖定在能源開采、交通運輸和建筑方面上,常常忽視了食物生產(chǎn)對全球變暖的影響。不過按照目前的趨勢,農(nóng)業(yè)與家畜飼養(yǎng)聯(lián)系日益緊密,食物生產(chǎn)將會變成一個主要的憂慮。
不過吃蔬菜真的會比吃肉“更環(huán)?!眴??BBC帶來的觀點是:考慮到不同類型食物對人體供能的效果是有差異的,吃蔬菜帶來的溫室效應(yīng)可能更大。
Farming, production in factories and transport of goods are all largely powered by the burning of fossil fuels, generating greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.Scientists measure this impact as a “carbon footprint”, commonly expressed as the volume of carbon dioxide produced per 100g serving of food.
農(nóng)耕、工廠生產(chǎn)、貨物運輸?shù)尿?qū)動都依賴化石燃料的燃燒,這些過程產(chǎn)生了溫室氣體,將熱量儲存在大氣中??茖W家們用“碳足跡”來衡量這種影響,通常表示成,生產(chǎn)每100克食物所排放的二氧化碳體積。
This approach, however, doesn't consider how much energy our bodies get from those foods.You need to eat a far greater weight of lettuce to get the same number of calories as a slice of cheese, for instance-with one study finding that it would release three times as many greenhouse gases to provide the same nutritional energy.Processed vegetables, or those imported from distant farms, may fare even worse.
不過這樣的方法并沒有考慮到我們的身體從那些食物中獲得了多少能量。譬如,若想獲得和一片芝士相同的熱量,你需要吃掉更多重量的生菜——一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),要提供同樣的營養(yǎng)能量,生產(chǎn)這些生菜將要排放出三倍于芝士的溫室氣體。加工蔬菜或者來自遙遠農(nóng)場的進口蔬菜恐怕帶來的碳排放更糟糕。
In a paper in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Adam Drewnowski at the University of Washington in Seattle and colleagues tried to take this into account by estimating the carbon emissions for every 100 calories of different foods.
在一份發(fā)表在《美國臨床營養(yǎng)學雜志》的論文中,來自西雅圖華盛頓大學的Adam Drewnowski和他的同事試著將熱量這一點納入考量,估算生產(chǎn)100卡路里不同的食物造成的碳排放。
(你吃的每100卡路里面包,約產(chǎn)生50g二氧化碳)
(你吃的每100卡路里肉類,約產(chǎn)生248g二氧化碳)
(你吃的每100卡路里牛奶,約產(chǎn)生351g二氧化碳)
(你吃的每100卡路里雞蛋,約產(chǎn)生440g二氧化碳)
(你吃的每100卡路里蔬菜罐頭,約產(chǎn)生787g二氧化碳)
因此,即便是為了健康和環(huán)保而奉行素食主義,也應(yīng)該盡量選擇本地蔬菜,少吃加工蔬菜。
詞匯總結(jié)
mitigate ['m?t?ge?t]
v.使緩和,使減輕
The relationship between humans and livestock is being analyzed for its potential to help mitigate climate change.人們正在分析人類和牲畜之間的關(guān)系,以尋求減緩氣候變化的潛在方法。
burgeoning ['b?:d??ni?]
adj.迅速成長的; 迅速發(fā)展的
threshold ['θre???ld]
n.門檻; 〈喻〉開始
Growing food for the world's burgeoning population is likely to send greenhouse gas emissions over the threshold of safety.
世界人口迅速增長,食物量也隨之增加,這似乎正將溫室氣體排放量推著超過安全線。
livestock rearing 家畜飼養(yǎng)
gear [g??]
v, (使)搭配; (使)適合
Intensive agriculture increasingly geared towards livestock rearing.
農(nóng)業(yè)與家畜飼養(yǎng)聯(lián)系日益緊密