考點7 非謂語動詞作補足語
在主動語態(tài)句子中,動詞不定式和分詞可作賓語補足語,構成“v.+賓語+賓語補足語”的結構,當這個主動語態(tài)的句子變成被動語態(tài),即原賓語成為句子主語時,其補足語稱作主語補足語。
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。(賓語補足語)
We will not be allowed to play on the street. 我們不被允許在街上玩耍。(主語補足語)
1. 動詞(短語)+賓語+帶to的不定式(作賓語補足語)
有些動詞(短語)后跟帶to的不定式作補語,即:動詞(短語)+賓語+to do sth.
擁有這種結構的常見動詞(短語)有:advise, appoint, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。
2. 感官動詞+賓語+賓語補足語
感官動詞see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等的賓語補足語有3種形式,即動詞原形(省略to 的不定式,變成被動語態(tài)要加上to)、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或正在進行,過去分詞表示被動或完成,動詞原形表示主動和完成。
(1)不帶to的不定式充當感官動詞補語。
I heard her sing an English song just now.
剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。(省略to 的不定式作賓語補足語)
She was heard to sing an English song just now.
剛才她被聽到唱了一首英文歌。(帶to的不定式作主語補足語)
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞充當感官動詞補語。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天經(jīng)過她房間時,我聽見她在唱英文歌。(賓語補足語)
She was heard singing an English song by me when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天我經(jīng)過她房間時,她被我聽到在唱英文歌。(主語補足語)
(3)過去分詞充當感官動詞補語。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。(賓語補足語)
The English song was heard sung many times.
這首英文歌多次被聽到唱。(主語補足語)
3. 使役動詞+賓語+非謂語動詞(作賓語補足語)
常見使役動詞let, make, have, get+賓語+非謂語動詞(作賓語補足語)
(1)let sb./sth. do 意為“讓某人/某物做……”。
Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.
讓他們留在教室里面自己做練習。
(2)make sb./sth. do 意為“使/讓某人/某物做……”,變被動語態(tài)時,不定式需帶to。
The teacher made the students stay after class. 老師讓這些學生下課后留下來。
The students were made to stay after class. 這些學生被要求下課后留下來。
(3)make sb./sth. done 意為“讓/使某人或某事被……”。
He raised his voice to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓門,以便讓自己被人聽到。
Can you easily make yourself understood in English?
你能使用英文把意思表達清楚嗎?
(4)have sb./sth. do意為“讓某人或某物做……”。
She had her children cook dinner for her. 她讓孩子們?yōu)樗鲲垺?/p>
(5)have sb./sth. done 意為“讓某人/某事被……”。
I had my hair cut last Saturday. 上周六我理了發(fā)。
(6)get sb. to do sth. 意為“讓某人做某事”,注意to不可省略。
How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
我們?nèi)绾尾拍茏屗袉T工都準時抵達?
(7)get sb./sth. done意為“讓某人/某事被……”。
We’re getting our house painted this weekend. 我們這周末要請人粉刷房屋。
4. find/leave/keep+賓語+非謂語動詞(作賓語補足語)
動詞find, leave, keep也可以接非謂語動詞作補足語。
She found a wallet lying on the ground.
她發(fā)現(xiàn)一只錢包在地上。(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語)
They found the street lined with people.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大街兩側都站著人。(過去分詞作賓語補足語)
He measured the cloth and found it(to be)the exact size.
他量了一下布,發(fā)現(xiàn)大小正好合適。(不定式作賓語補足語,to be可省略)
For most of the day he can still be found working somewhere in the plant. 白天大部分時間人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)他在廠里某個地方工作。(被動語態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補足語)
This method was found to be practicable.
大家發(fā)現(xiàn)這方法很可行。(被動語態(tài),動詞不定式作主語補足語)
注意
不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表示完成或狀態(tài)。
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.(狀態(tài))
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(完成)
5. catch+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞(作賓語補足語)
catch可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,構成catch sb. doing的結構,意為“撞見某人正在做某事”,其被動形式為:sb. be caught doing sth。
Next time I catch you stealing from others’ pockets, I’ll turn you in to the police.
下次再讓我看到你偷別人口袋里的東西,我就把你送到警察局。(作賓語補足語)
She was caught cheating in the exam. 她考試作弊被抓到了。(作主語補足語)
6. with+賓語+非謂語動詞(作賓語補足語)
(1)“with+賓語+不定式”通常表示不定式動作尚未發(fā)生或在當時看來尚未發(fā)生。
With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out.
有這么多工作要做,我就沒有時間出去了。
(2)“with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”指動作正在進行或在當時看來已是一種在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。
He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡著了,燈還亮著。
注意
正如進行時態(tài)有時可以表示將來意義一樣,有時“現(xiàn)在分詞”也可表示將來意義。
With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
冬天就要到了,該買暖和衣裳了。
(3)“with+賓語+過去分詞”指與其前的名詞或代詞為被動關系。
She sat with her head bent. 她低著頭坐在那里。
7. 不定式作主語補足語的常見結構
一些動詞用于被動語態(tài)中,后面常接不定式作主語補足語,構成如下結構:
Sb./Sth.+be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done.例如:
Shakespeare is considered to be one of the greatest writers.
莎士比亞被認為是最偉大的作家之一。
(=It is considered that Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers.)
He was said to have been cheated in the street. 據(jù)說,他在大街上被騙了。
(=It was said that he has been cheated in the street.)