11.1 Irony
11.1A Irony的含義與形式
1) Irony譯作“反語”,一般指用同本意相反的詞語表示本意。例如明明天氣不好,卻故意說:
It's a nice, pleasant sort of weather indeed!
又如英語中的Gotham是有名的愚人村,卻故意說:
They are almost as wise as the wise men of Gotham.
2) 英語中的反語可分為三種類型:
第一種叫Verbal irony,指說話人利用詞匯、語法手段表示明顯的反意,例如:
It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one's pocket.
I stayed in the hospital ten days with my sister who was dying. Barbara, my ex-best friend, came to my house to look after my children. She helped things out and took my things out. She did help!
(CNN, Dec. 1993)
第二種叫Circumstantial irony,也叫Irony of fate,指由于事態(tài)的發(fā)展同某人原來的意料或期待相反而造成的一種嘲弄。例如在Kate Chopin的短篇小說The Story of an Hour中,Mallard太太得知丈夫因車禍去世的消息時表面上一陣號哭,心底里卻暗自高興,她早就盼望的一天來到了,不禁低聲對自己說:“Free! Body and soul free!”但當她暗自得意時,丈夫突然出現(xiàn)在門口!原來他大難不死,安然回家,而Mallard太太卻由于這突如其來的刺激而心臟病發(fā)作,不治身亡,這是否算命運多舛?
第三種叫Dramatic irony,它同上面第二種密切相關,區(qū)別在于它往往指作者對Irony of fate敘述中帶總結性的畫龍點睛之筆,突出戲劇性的轉(zhuǎn)變,如Kate Chopin在上面那個故事結尾時寫道:
When the doctors came, they said she had died of heart disease — of joy that kills.
句中的joy語義雙關:醫(yī)生們以為她是由于看到丈夫生還后欣喜至極,以致引發(fā)心臟??;故事的讀者則不難看到事情正好相反——她是樂極生悲,是由于慶幸丈夫去世過分激動了,結果又事與愿違,受到突然刺激而猝死的。
Dramatic irony也指作家利用上下文或特定的歷史背景暗示某段話所表示的是反義,這種反語較為含蓄。例如下例中的“西方的良心”就是反話,因為以色列人從西方大國在1973年阿以沖突中的所作所為中發(fā)現(xiàn),他們的一切言行實際上都是從維護自己的利益出發(fā)的,因而有種“痛心疾首”之感:
In the October 1973 war,Israel ... also suffered an acute understanding of the “conscience of the west” under oil pressure.
11.1B Irony的使用
反語是一種很常用的修辭手法,但使用中應掌握分寸,即不可濫用,讓別人難以接受,又不宜過于隱晦,使人家難以明白你的真正意思。在使用反語時,必須處理好反語的線索(Clue),這也是我們分析和理解反語的鑰匙。
反語線索主要表現(xiàn)為3個特點:
1) 形式與內(nèi)容之間不協(xié)調(diào),或辭面意義和辭里含義之間形成反差。例如:
Conscience is the inner voice which warns us that someone may be looking.
(H. L. Mencken)
上面這個句子以嚴肅、莊重的措辭開頭,儼然是道德家或牧師說教布道,但所論及的內(nèi)容卻根本不搭界,這就是形式與內(nèi)容之間的矛盾,也是反語的線索,例如:
“Every time we trusted Democrats,” says House Republican Whip Newt Gingrich, “they cheated.” Such kindergarden compliments were happily returned.
(Gloria Barger)
這里的反語生動刻畫了共和黨和民主黨議員們爭吵程度之激烈和用詞之尖刻。字面上似乎在“愉快地回報贊美”,實際上卻是“猛烈抨擊無稽之談”。
2) 口氣與內(nèi)容之間的反襯,著名英國諷刺作家Jonathan Swift的名篇A Modest Proposal就是這樣的一個范例。作者開頭以鄭重的口氣從關系國家存亡的高度提出解決愛爾蘭問題的“建議”:為了解決糧食不足和人口過多的雙重難題,對那些窮人的小孩除“留種”者以外,應一律出售給富人家做“美味佳肴”。該“建議”說道:
... a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.
作者以“漫不經(jīng)心”的口吻把這樣一個充滿血腥味的“建議”說得冠冕堂皇,正是為了對處于統(tǒng)治地位那些道貌岸然的衣冠禽獸進行無情的揭露和諷刺。
下例也是以淡然的口氣提出嚴峻的社會主題:
By midmorning a forty-one-year-old teacher had been shot dead, with his security card in hand, and another teacher struck by two nine-millimeter bullets, was extraordinarily lucky to be alive. Two others narrowly escaped Nicholas Elliot's bullets.
The Atlantic雜志的這篇文章是有關一名中學生在學校拔出手槍打老師的報道,試想事情發(fā)生在學校,大白天,在每個人都有Social Security Card的美國,其嚴重性怎能用文字表達?于是作者干脆反其道而行之,以幽默的筆調(diào)“輕描淡寫”,這樣,卻能更好地引起讀者反思,喚起人們對美國嚴重社會問題的注意。
3) 詞語的異常搭配或突降、雙關等辭格的出現(xiàn)都可能是反語的標志,例如:
Heark ye, Clinker, you are a most notorious offender — you stand convicted of sickness, hunger, wretchedness, and want.
(Tobias Smollett)
動詞短語“Stand convicted of”系法律用語,意為“犯有……罪”,但句中這個短語后面跟著的卻不是什么罪行,而是一連串表示饑餓、貧困和不幸的詞語,作者采用這種不同于常規(guī)的詞語組合,意在嘲笑不合理的法律觀念,為窮人鳴不平。又如:
He (Henry Ford) announced to the press that he'd turn over his war profits to the government.
But there's no record that he ever did.
(John Dos Passos)
俗話諷刺有的人講空話“只聽樓梯響,未見人下樓”,這位先生做得更絕,他居然通過新聞媒介夸下???,收買人心,而行動呢?一點沒有,從語言結構上看,這是一種突降,而且從but分句另起一段,用意是增強突降力度,產(chǎn)生強烈的反語諷刺效果。又如:
First Gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound.
Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impety has made a feast thee.
(W. Shakespeare)
這里“sound”一詞語義雙關;前者表示自己身體結實(響當當),后者反其意思而用之,說他那個酒色之徒身體極為虛虧(像空心的東西那樣一碰就當當響),這是利用雙關講反語的一個好范例。