58　分詞的完成式　Track56

 

1）構(gòu)成：表示主動(dòng)——having done；表示被動(dòng)——having been done。
2）意義與用法：分詞的完成式主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之間有很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間間隔，或者是因?yàn)榉衷~動(dòng)作本身經(jīng)歷了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的延續(xù)。
注意：分詞完成式一般不用作定語(yǔ)，而只作狀語(yǔ)。
（1）分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之間有一段間隔，則必須用分詞完成式。
a. Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again.　已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，他不想再試了。
b. Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
c. Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up teaching.
d. Having been warned about the thieves, he left his valuables at the bank.
e .Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.　郵遞員被狗咬了兩次之后要我們把狗拴起來(lái)，不然就不給我們送信了。
如果分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之間的時(shí)間間隔很短，這時(shí)即使分詞動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，我們也最好用分詞一般式，以強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的銜接。例如：
f. Locking the door, he went home.
門(mén)鎖上之后，他（馬上）就回家了。
g. Finding the door locked, I went home.
發(fā)現(xiàn)門(mén)鎖著，我就回家了。
h. Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.
（顯然hear和burst out兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間間隔很短）
（2）分詞動(dòng)作本身要持續(xù)一段時(shí)間時(shí)，也必須用分詞的完成式。
a. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.= After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.（having watered 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作經(jīng)歷了較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間）
b. Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another.
自己當(dāng)老板已經(jīng)這么久了，他覺(jué)得已經(jīng)難以聽(tīng)從別人的差遣了。
c.For "good”, the Chinese worked out a combination of "woman" and "child”. Once this combination process had started, there was no limit to it. The Chinese still use the system today, having developed it to the point of producing some forty thousand combined characters out of a few hundred original pictures of concrete objects.
（3）使用分詞的完成式可以避免造成句子意思混淆不清。
a. Having sung a song, he sat down.　唱完一支歌后，他就坐了下來(lái)。
若說(shuō)成“Singing a song, he sat down.”，則意思可能是“唱著歌的時(shí)候，他就坐了下來(lái)”，給人感覺(jué)是“他坐著唱歌”。
b. Having eaten his supper, he went out.　吃完晚飯后，他出門(mén)了。
若說(shuō)成“Eating his supper, he went out.”，則給人的感覺(jué)是“他端著飯碗出門(mén)了”。
但是，在不造成歧義的情況下，我們一般不必使用分詞的完成式。
c. Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining outside.　放下報(bào)紙，我走到窗前，看到外面正在下雨。
分析：首先，這里put和walk兩個(gè)動(dòng)作間隔很短，“我”是把報(bào)紙一放下，就緊接著走到窗前；其次，“放報(bào)紙”的動(dòng)作本身不需要經(jīng)歷很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，不是在“慢鏡頭”似地put down。這樣一來(lái)，本句均不符合分詞完成式的兩種基本思維。再說(shuō)，put和walk兩個(gè)動(dòng)作不可能同時(shí)發(fā)生，必然是一先一后，因此不會(huì)造成句子歧義。所以，我們不需要用having put down...這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。