22 各種復(fù)雜定語從句 Track22
22 各種復(fù)雜定語從句 Track22
有時(shí)，在較難的英語文章里或較高級別的英語考試中，定語從句并非像“名詞/代詞+定語從句”這樣的簡單結(jié)構(gòu)，而是會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。造成定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的主要原因有：
（1）定語從句后置
在前面也提到過，有時(shí)定語從句不是緊跟在先行詞后邊，而是被其他修飾成分隔開。這時(shí)，往往會(huì)造成不知道定語從句到底修飾哪部分的疑惑。
a. Consequently, nothing seems good that does not accord with the interests of the people . 因此，只有符合人民利益的事物才是好的。
分析：定語從句是修飾nothing的，此句還含有雙重否定nothing... that does not...的結(jié)構(gòu)，增加了理解的困難。
b.It is the interaction between people rather than the events that occur in their lives that is the main focus of social psychology.
社會(huì)心理學(xué)研究的核心不是發(fā)生在人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖录?，而是人們之間的相互作用與影響。
分析：這句話中有一個(gè)很重要的提示——rather than（而不是），被定語從句所修飾的成分不會(huì)在rather than后邊。介詞短語between people用來修飾interaction，再結(jié)合定語從句的意思，綜合起來我們推斷，that從句修飾的是the interaction。
（2）帶有插入語的定語從句
所謂帶有插入語的定語從句，即指在有些定語從句的關(guān)系詞后邊往往緊跟一個(gè)“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”，但這個(gè)“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”并非從句的主謂語，而是一個(gè)表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的插入語。
a.He ran all the way from the station, which I thought was incredible. 他大老遠(yuǎn)從車站跑過來，我覺得這真讓人難以置信。
上面這句定語從句可改寫為：...，which，I thought，was incredible.
I thought即為插入語，并非從句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。從句主語是which，謂語是was。
注意：定語從句的插入語一般都要緊跟在關(guān)系詞后邊。
b.Tax cuts have been on his mind since he became president of the United States. One of his first acts in government was to announce cuts which he claimed would give back $1.6 trillion to the American people over 10 years.
實(shí)施減稅是他成為美國總統(tǒng)以來一直想要推行的一項(xiàng)政策。他上臺(tái)后的第一件事就是宣布這一政策，他聲稱該項(xiàng)措施在十年之內(nèi)將會(huì)使1.6萬億美元重新回到美國人民的口袋里。
再看下面這道題：
c.This is the woman_________artists said posed as a model for the painting.
A. whose
B. who
C. which
D. whom
正確答案：B。
分析：此題關(guān)鍵是要分析出填入的關(guān)系詞在從句中應(yīng)充當(dāng)何種成分。原句可以改寫成“This is the woman _________, artists said, posed as a model for the painting.”。所以，artists said只是插入語，posed才是從句的謂語，因此空格處要作主語并且指代the woman。所以選B。
（3）并列定語從句
所謂并列定語從句，是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語從句通過并列連詞and，but或or連接，來共同修飾同一個(gè)先行詞。
a.Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn't need or want. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality than something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.
禮物并不是價(jià)格越高就越貴重。我倒希望收到的禮物是很別致的，或我知道是朋友為我精心準(zhǔn)備的，而不是花費(fèi)很多卻不是我所想要或需要的。我希望的是能夠讓我開心、讓我回味過去時(shí)光，或是適合我的禮物，而不是價(jià)格不菲但看完之后隨手就扔到儲(chǔ)藏室、拋在腦后的禮物。
b.Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, and who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
（4）雙層定語從句
雙層定語從句比較復(fù)雜，也很少見到。其特點(diǎn)是：
1）一個(gè)先行詞首先被一個(gè)限定性定語從句所修飾來表示一個(gè)特定的意思。然后，這個(gè)“先行詞+限定性定語從句”再被另外一個(gè)限定性定語從句所修飾。
2）這兩個(gè)限定性定語從句是處在不同層次上的，不能用連詞and，but或or等來連接，因?yàn)檫@種定語從句并不是像上文講到的“并列定語從句”那樣在同一個(gè)先行詞后有兩個(gè)并列的定語從句。
a.He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.
第一層定語從句that we know的先行詞為the only person。
第二層定語從句who speaks so many foreign languages的先行詞為the only person that we know。
b.Dr. Kissinger is the only person (that) we know who can eat caviar with chopsticks.
第一層定語從句的先行詞為the only person。
第二層定語從句的先行詞為the only person we know。
請看電影《魂斷藍(lán)橋》里的一段對白：
c.Mara: What was it you started to tell me in the restaurant that you didn't understand about me?
你剛才在餐館里想要告訴我的說你不了解我的是什么來著？
Laurie: No use going into it now.
Mara: No, but tell me, please, I'd like to know.
Laurie:Well, it...it struck me as curious ever since I met you, you know, from that very early moment ages ago...you’re so young, so lovely, and so defeatist. I mean you don't seem to expect much from life.
Mara: Well, I'11 be all right. For instance, I met you, I liked you, and now so soon we have to part, and perhaps we'll never see each other again.
（1）定語從句后置
在前面也提到過，有時(shí)定語從句不是緊跟在先行詞后邊，而是被其他修飾成分隔開。這時(shí)，往往會(huì)造成不知道定語從句到底修飾哪部分的疑惑。
a. Consequently, nothing seems good that does not accord with the interests of the people . 因此，只有符合人民利益的事物才是好的。
分析：定語從句是修飾nothing的，此句還含有雙重否定nothing... that does not...的結(jié)構(gòu)，增加了理解的困難。
b.It is the interaction between people rather than the events that occur in their lives that is the main focus of social psychology.
社會(huì)心理學(xué)研究的核心不是發(fā)生在人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖录?，而是人們之間的相互作用與影響。
分析：這句話中有一個(gè)很重要的提示——rather than（而不是），被定語從句所修飾的成分不會(huì)在rather than后邊。介詞短語between people用來修飾interaction，再結(jié)合定語從句的意思，綜合起來我們推斷，that從句修飾的是the interaction。
（2）帶有插入語的定語從句
所謂帶有插入語的定語從句，即指在有些定語從句的關(guān)系詞后邊往往緊跟一個(gè)“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”，但這個(gè)“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”并非從句的主謂語，而是一個(gè)表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的插入語。
a.He ran all the way from the station, which I thought was incredible. 他大老遠(yuǎn)從車站跑過來，我覺得這真讓人難以置信。
上面這句定語從句可改寫為：...，which，I thought，was incredible.
I thought即為插入語，并非從句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。從句主語是which，謂語是was。
注意：定語從句的插入語一般都要緊跟在關(guān)系詞后邊。
b.Tax cuts have been on his mind since he became president of the United States. One of his first acts in government was to announce cuts which he claimed would give back $1.6 trillion to the American people over 10 years.
實(shí)施減稅是他成為美國總統(tǒng)以來一直想要推行的一項(xiàng)政策。他上臺(tái)后的第一件事就是宣布這一政策，他聲稱該項(xiàng)措施在十年之內(nèi)將會(huì)使1.6萬億美元重新回到美國人民的口袋里。
再看下面這道題：
c.This is the woman_________artists said posed as a model for the painting.
A. whose
B. who
C. which
D. whom
正確答案：B。
分析：此題關(guān)鍵是要分析出填入的關(guān)系詞在從句中應(yīng)充當(dāng)何種成分。原句可以改寫成“This is the woman _________, artists said, posed as a model for the painting.”。所以，artists said只是插入語，posed才是從句的謂語，因此空格處要作主語并且指代the woman。所以選B。
（3）并列定語從句
所謂并列定語從句，是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語從句通過并列連詞and，but或or連接，來共同修飾同一個(gè)先行詞。
a.Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn't need or want. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality than something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.
禮物并不是價(jià)格越高就越貴重。我倒希望收到的禮物是很別致的，或我知道是朋友為我精心準(zhǔn)備的，而不是花費(fèi)很多卻不是我所想要或需要的。我希望的是能夠讓我開心、讓我回味過去時(shí)光，或是適合我的禮物，而不是價(jià)格不菲但看完之后隨手就扔到儲(chǔ)藏室、拋在腦后的禮物。
b.Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, and who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
（4）雙層定語從句
雙層定語從句比較復(fù)雜，也很少見到。其特點(diǎn)是：
1）一個(gè)先行詞首先被一個(gè)限定性定語從句所修飾來表示一個(gè)特定的意思。然后，這個(gè)“先行詞+限定性定語從句”再被另外一個(gè)限定性定語從句所修飾。
2）這兩個(gè)限定性定語從句是處在不同層次上的，不能用連詞and，but或or等來連接，因?yàn)檫@種定語從句并不是像上文講到的“并列定語從句”那樣在同一個(gè)先行詞后有兩個(gè)并列的定語從句。
a.He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.
第一層定語從句that we know的先行詞為the only person。
第二層定語從句who speaks so many foreign languages的先行詞為the only person that we know。
b.Dr. Kissinger is the only person (that) we know who can eat caviar with chopsticks.
第一層定語從句的先行詞為the only person。
第二層定語從句的先行詞為the only person we know。
請看電影《魂斷藍(lán)橋》里的一段對白：
c.Mara: What was it you started to tell me in the restaurant that you didn't understand about me?
你剛才在餐館里想要告訴我的說你不了解我的是什么來著？
Laurie: No use going into it now.
Mara: No, but tell me, please, I'd like to know.
Laurie:Well, it...it struck me as curious ever since I met you, you know, from that very early moment ages ago...you’re so young, so lovely, and so defeatist. I mean you don't seem to expect much from life.
Mara: Well, I'11 be all right. For instance, I met you, I liked you, and now so soon we have to part, and perhaps we'll never see each other again.
