第17章　連　詞 17.2　從屬連詞

17.2　從屬連詞

17.2.1　引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞

這類連詞主要有：

when：

Don't get excited when you talk. 講話時別激動。

When he got up he felt dizzy. 他站起身時感到頭暈。

When he comes I'll tell him about it. 他來時我將把這事告訴他。

We were going to the zoo when we met her. 我們?nèi)游飯@時碰到了她。

We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises. 我們體育鍛煉時穿帆布球鞋。

He gave good practical advice when asked. 向他請教時他總出一些切實可行的好主意。

Often she would weep when alone. 她一人獨處時常?？奁?。

while：

We must strike while the iron is hot. 我們要趁熱打鐵。

While she ate she grew more restless. 她一邊吃一邊變得更加忐忑不安。

While the discussion was going on Peter came in. 討論正進行時彼得走了進來。

While I was having dinner Ann was packing. 我吃飯時安在收拾行李。

While doing so, we decided to sell the boat. 在這樣做時，我們決定把船賣掉。

He had an accident while on his way here. 在來這里的路上他出了車禍。

as：

As he spoke two men came up. 在他講話時兩個人走了過來。

As she was leaving, Mr White saw her. 她正要走時懷特先生看見了她。

He smiled as he passed. 他經(jīng)過時笑了笑。

As she sang tears ran down her cheeks. 她唱歌時眼淚簌簌而下。

Even as a boy he was hopeless at maths. 他小時候數(shù)學(xué)就很差。

before：

Look before you leap.（諺）三思而后行。

It will be five years before we meet again. 要五年后咱們才能再相見。

It wasn't long before he told us about it. 不久他就把這事告訴我們了。

I slipped out before the lecture started. 不等講座開始我就溜了出來。

Just before I left London I sent him a telegraph. 就在離開倫敦前我給他發(fā)了一份電報。

after：

I arrived after he had left. 在他走后我到了。

After he had said a few words, I took his floor. 他講了幾句話之后我開始發(fā)言。

Soon after we returned, the child vomited. 我們回來不久孩子就吐了。

I'll tell them after you have left. 你走后我再告訴他們。

until，till：

We danced and danced until they all joined in. 我們不停地跳舞直到他們都參加進來。

Go away until I have finished speaking to your father. 離開一下，直到我和你父親談完。

It was not until I saw her next morning that I felt happy. 直到第二天早上見到她我才感到高興。

I'll take no steps until you arrive. 你來之前我不會采取什么行動。

I propose waiting till the police get here. 我建議等警察來了再說。

He determined to stay till (until) the year was up. 他決心住滿一年。

since：

How long is it since you came to London? 你到倫敦有多久了？

He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 我生病以來他從未來看過我。

Since Marie had left, Martha had married. 瑪麗走后，瑪莎結(jié)婚了。

It was years since I had seen her. 我有好多年沒見到她了。

whenever：

You can borrow my car whenever you want. 你隨時可以借我的車。

I go and visit him whenever I'm in town. 我每次進城都去看他。

Whenever he stayed home he went to bed early. 每當待在家里，他早早就睡覺了。

Whenever anyone was ill he installed himself as sick-nurse. 誰要是病了，他就充當護士。

Whenever possible, they play outside. 一有機會他們就到外面玩耍。

2) 還有一些其他類型的時間狀語從句，例如：

Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你進來請把門關(guān)上。

Did he tell you anything important the last time he saw you? 上次他見到你時告訴你什么重要的事嗎？

Now (that) you're well again you can travel. 既然你身體又好了，可以出去旅行。

Once you have learned Spanish you will find Italian easy. 一旦你學(xué)了西班牙語你就會覺得意大利語很容易了。

Immediately she entered, his eyes lit up. 她一進來，他的眼睛就亮了起來。

She'll come over as soon as I've settled down. 我一定居下來她就會來。

No sooner had she arrived than she began to complain. 她剛一到就開始抱怨。

The moment he spoke I recognized his voice. 他一說話我就聽出了他的聲音。

Hardly had we got out when it began to snow. 我們剛出門天就開始下雪了。

Scarcely had I come in when the phone rang. 我剛一進門電話就響了。

這些句子中的某些詞（組）起著連詞的作用（如as soon as，no sooner...than，the moment...，hardly...），有的詞甚至已變?yōu)檫B詞（如immediately，now，now that）。

17.2.2　引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞

1) 條件狀語從句主要由if，unless，supposing（suppose）引導(dǎo)：

if：

I must leave if that's the case. 如果情況如此我就得走了。

What would Diana think of him if he failed? 如果他失敗，戴安娜會對他怎么想？

If she said so, she's a liar. 如果她這樣講了，她就是撒謊。

If true, this will cause us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，這會給我們造成很多麻煩。

If necessary, ring me at home. 必要的話往我家里打電話。

He will come if asked. 如果邀請的話他是會來的。

If convenient, I'll be with you next Tuesday. 如方便的話，我將于下星期二和你見面。

unless：

I won't write unless he writes first. 我不寫信，除非他先給我寫。

Unless I'm mistaken, I've seen that man before. 除非我記錯了，那人我以前見過。

I'll go there tomorrow unless it rains. 除非下雨，否則我明天去那里。

He'dnever do this unless compelled. 除非被迫，否則他決不會這樣做。

Unless redeemed, it'll be for sale. 除非有人贖回，否則它將出售。

supposing：

Supposing that he asks you, will you go? 假定他請你去，你會去嗎？

Supposing his plan goes wrong, what will we do then? 如果他的計劃出了問題，我們怎么辦？

Supposing (that) you're wrong, what will you do then? 假如你錯了你怎么辦？

suppose：

Suppose she finds out, what shall we do then? 假如她發(fā)現(xiàn)了，我們怎么辦？

Suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do? 假定你明天失業(yè)，你怎么辦？

provided：

I will agree to go provided (providing) (that) my expenses are paid. 如果有人給我掏路費我將同意去。

She agreed to go and work there provided that her family could go with her.如果她家人能隨她同行，她同意去那里工作。

providing：

I'll dry the dishes, providing that you do the washing-up. 如果你刷盤子，我就把它們擦干。

2) 條件狀語從句還有其他形式：

You will always have a home as long as I have anything. 只要我有家產(chǎn)，你就永遠會有一個家。

I don't mind your knowing anything as long as it goes no further. 你知道什么我都不介意，只要你不告訴別人。

In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait. 如果我還沒回來他就到了，請讓他等一等。

They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed. 即使你不成功他們也會支持你。

Were I Tom I would refuse. 如果我是湯姆，我會拒絕。

Should you require anything, just let me know. 如果你需要什么，告訴我就行。

Had I thought of it, I'dhave talked to mother. 如果我想過這事，我早就和媽講了。

此外，as long as，so long as，in case，even if都起連詞作用。

17.2.3　引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞

引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞主要有下面這些：

in order that：

He left early in order that his children would not be alone in the house. 他早早動身，以免孩子們單獨待在家里。

I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussion undisturbed.我把門鎖上，以便我們能不受干擾繼續(xù)討論。

I lent him ￡ 50 in order (so) that he might go for a holiday. 我借給他50英鎊，使他能去度假。

so that：

Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them. 讓她快點把信打好，以便我能簽字。

Please interpret this Chinese woman's remarks so that I can understand them.請翻譯一下這個中國婦女的話以便我能聽懂。

He looked down so that she should not see his eyes. 他低下頭以免她看見他的眼睛。

so：

Can't you fix it somehow so you could stay longer? 難道你不能作某種安排以便能多待些日子？

Check carefully, so any mistakes could be caught. 仔細檢查，以便找出所有的錯誤。

I'll give him a map so he won't get lost. 我會給他一張地圖免得他迷路。

that：

She did it that he might go free. 她這樣做以便他能獲得自由。

I am anxious to get it done that I may be back in Ireland. 我急于完成此事以便我能返回愛爾蘭。

I tell you this that you may not shrink from the responsibility. 我告訴你這個以便你不會回避責任。

lest：

He hurried on, lest she should meet him again. 他趕緊往前走，唯恐她再碰到他。

He was very cautious lest he should be discovered by his wife. 他小心翼翼，唯恐被他妻子發(fā)現(xiàn)。

He hid the money lest it should be stolen. 他把錢藏起來唯恐被人偷去。

還有一些其他這類從句：

She worried for fear that her son would be hurt. 她很擔心怕兒子受到傷害。

She didn't dare to call me for fear they might hear us. 她不敢叫我，唯恐他們會聽到我們的聲音。

Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold. 帶上厚衣服以防天冷。

I'll stay in the hotel in case there is news of Harry. 我將待在旅館里以防有哈里的消息。

這里的for fear（that），in case都起連詞的作用。

17.2.4　引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞

1) 結(jié)果狀語從句主要由so...that和such...that引導(dǎo)：

so...that：

He was so young that you must excuse him. 他那樣年輕，你得原諒他。

Bill pitched so well that everyone cheered him. 比爾球投得那么好，大家都為他歡呼。

He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door. 他胖得連門都過不去了。

So absorbed was he that she didn't dare to make a sound. 他那么聚精會神，致使她都不敢弄出一丁點聲音。

such...that：

Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet. 吉姆吵成那樣，他姐姐讓他安靜點。

He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗時那樣使勁，連玻璃都震碎了。

They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house. 他們的狗那樣兇，誰也不敢走近他們家。

that有時可省略，特別是在口語中：

They were so tired they could do nothing but yawn. 他們疲倦得一個勁兒打呵欠。

There was such a draught, it's no wonder he caught a cold. 過堂風這樣厲害，難怪他感冒了。

2) so that 也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，表示“因？”：

One of her lungs is affected so that she has to rest. 她有一葉肺受到感染，因此得休息。

It fell under my desk, so that I couldn't see it. 它掉在我書桌下面，因此我看不見它。

so也可引導(dǎo)這類從句：

It was dark so I couldn't see very well. 天很黑因此我看不太清楚。

She felt very tired so she went to bed early. 她感到很累，因此早早就睡覺了。

so和that之間有時可稍稍停頓：

His heart beat so that he could hardly breathe. 他的心跳得這樣厲害，他都快喘不過氣來了。

Explain it so that a 10-year-old boy could understand it. 要講解得讓十歲的孩子都能聽懂。

17.2.5　引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞

1) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞主要有because，as，since：

because：

Because it was wet he took a taxi. 由于下雨他叫了一輛出租車。

He was worried because he hadn't had any letter from her. 他很擔憂因為他沒收到過她一封信。

Why aren't you coming with us? ——Because I have got a bad headache.你為什么不和我們一塊去？——因為我頭很疼。

as：

As David had a passion for walking，we started off on foot. 由于大衛(wèi)喜歡走路，我們就步行出發(fā)了。

We don't go there much now, as we are going away so soon. 我們現(xiàn)在不常去那兒，因為我們不久就要離開了。

As you're sorry, I'll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原諒你。

since：

Since they've obviously forgotten to phone me, I'll have to telephone them.由于他們顯然忘了給我打電話，只好由我來打給他們。

Since you can't answer my questions, I'll have to ask someone else. 既然你回答不了我的問題，我只好問別人。

He was not prepared for the question, since he had not made up his mind. 對這問題他沒有思想準備，因為他還沒拿定主意。

2) 還有一些表示原因的狀語從句由seeing （that），considering（that）或now that等引導(dǎo)：

Seeing that he's been ill all week, he's unlikely to come. 鑒于他已病了一個星期，他來的可能性不大。

We could have a joint party, seeing your birthday is the same day as mine.由于你我的生日在同一天，我們可以辦一個聯(lián)合晚會。

Considering he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考慮到他剛剛開始，對此他算是知道得很多了。

Considering you've only been studying for a year, you speak English very well. 考慮到你學(xué)英語才一年，你英語講得算是很好的。

Now that you have the chance you had better avail yourself of it. 既然你有了機會，你最好利用起來。

Please don't try to back out now that everything has been arranged. 現(xiàn)在一切都安排好了，請不要打退堂鼓。

Now you're here, you may make yourself useful. 你已經(jīng)來了，不妨幫幫忙。

seeing，considering，now that都可以看作連詞。

3) 許多用在形容詞后的that從句也起原因狀語的作用（that有時可省略）：

She was glad that she had controlled herself. 她很高興控制住了自己。

He felt ashamed that he had done so little. 他為自己做得這么少而感到慚愧。

I am awfully sorry that this has happened. 發(fā)生了這事我非常遺憾。

I'm very pleased you've decided to come. 你決定來我很高興。

I'm disappointed that they cannot come. 他們不能來我很失望。

I am surprised I didn't see that before. 我很吃驚我以前沒看到這一點。

17.2.6　引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞

引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞主要有下面這些：

although：

Although (Though) everyone played well, we lost the game. 盡管每個人都打得不錯，我們卻輸了比賽。

He said they were married, although I'm sure they aren't. 他說他們結(jié)婚了，不過我肯定他們沒有。

I didn't know that then, although I learned it later. 那時我并不知道這事，盡管后來我知道了。

He's very lovable although not at all tidy. 他很可愛，雖說一點都不整潔。

though：

Though times were changed, Bossily was still Bossily. 盡管時代變了，柏斯萊還是柏斯萊。

Though he was going to Edinburgh, he was in no hurry. 雖說就要去愛丁堡，他卻并不慌忙。

It is right for us to go, though I left all for Gerry to decide. 我們?nèi)ナ菍Φ?，不過我還是讓格里來決定一切。

Though not large, the room was light and airy. 房間雖然不大，采光和通風卻很好。

The girl, though plain, had a kind face. 這姑娘雖然相貌平庸，卻有一張善良的臉。

even though：

He's an honest man even though I have opposed him. 盡管我曾反對過他，他還是一個誠實的人。

She still loved him even though he had treated her so badly. 她仍然愛他，盡管他待她那么不好。

even if：

I wouldn't do it, even if you paid me a thousand pounds. 即使你付我一千英鎊，我也不干。

I'm going to expose him even if he's brother of mine. 盡管他是我的兄弟，我也要揭露他。

while：

While they are my neighbors, I don't know them well. 雖然他們是我的鄰居，我對他們卻不太了解。

While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 盡管我理解你的話，卻不能同意你的意見。

2) 下面句子中的從句也是讓步狀語從句：

Clever though she was, she couldn't conceal her eagerness for praise. 她雖然聰明，卻無法掩飾她亟想獲得贊揚。

Intelligent as she was, she had not much in sight. 她雖然聰明，卻沒有多少洞察力。

Try as he would, he could not get her out of his mind. 盡管他努力這樣做，卻不能把她忘懷。

She was unable to make much progress, hard as she tried. 不管她多努力都不能取得多大進步。

However long you argue you will never convince her. 不管爭辯多久你都不能說服她。

However cold it is, he always goes swimming. 不管天多冷他都去游泳。

He swore that, come what may, he would never let her know what he was doing for her sake. 他發(fā)誓，不管發(fā)生什么情況，他絕不讓她知道他在為她做的事。

Marija made up her mind, come what might, she would stay there. 瑪麗亞下定決心，不管發(fā)生什么情況她都要留在那里。

The moon is a moon still, whether it shines or not. （諺）不管亮不亮，月亮終歸是月亮。

Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. 不管我們是去還是留，結(jié)果都一樣。

Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn't mean he's going to do so. 即使說他有足夠的錢買這棟房子，這也不意味著他就要去買。

17.2.7　引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的連詞

1) 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的連詞主要有as，like，as if，as though，however：

as：

You ought to do as I tell you. 你應(yīng)當照我說的做。

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.（諺）入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。

Shelley, as we had seen, had met her through his uncle. 正如已證實的那樣，雪萊是通過他叔叔認識她的。

As expected, the afforestation movement rapidly spread. 正如所預(yù)料的那樣，造林運動迅速展開了。

like：

She can't draw like her sister can. 她不能像她姐姐那樣畫畫。

Do it like I tell you. 照我告訴你的那樣做。

She behaves like she owns the place. 她表現(xiàn)得就像這兒的主人似的。

It looks like I'll be late today. 看起來我今天要遲到了。

as if：

She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something. 她顯得有點怪，仿佛她知道什么情況似的。

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 整個這件事我都記得，就像發(fā)生在昨天似的。

He paused as if expecting her to speak. 他停了停，像是在期待她說話。

He glanced about as if in search of something. 他四處看了看，仿佛在找什么似的。

as though：

We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing. 我們感到像親眼目睹了整件事情似的。

I remember it vividly as though it were tonight. 這件事我記得清清楚楚，就像是今晚發(fā)生似的。

He shivered as though with cold. 他顫抖了一下，好象受了寒氣似的。

When she had finished she waited as though for a reply. 她講完之后等了等，像是在等候回答。

however：

Arrange your hours however you like. 你的時間你可以隨意安排。

You may use it however you like. 你可以隨意使用它。

In one's own home one can act however he wishes. 在自己家里你愿干什么就干什么。

2) the way也?？梢龑?dǎo)方式狀語從句：

He doesn't speak the way I do. 他不像我這樣說話。

I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them. 他們從不讓我按自己的意愿行事。

17.2.8　引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞

1) 引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞有where，wherever，everywhere：

where：

I'll drive you where you're going. 你到哪兒我都可以開車送你去。

Please keep sitting where you are. 請仍坐在原處。

I'm quite comfortable where I am. 我在哪里都行。

Put in an article where necessary. 在必要的地方填入冠詞。

wherever：

Wherever he goes, there's always a spy hanging about. 不管他到哪里，總有一個密探跟著。

Wherever he is he'll be thinking of you. 不管他在哪里，他總會想著你。

We'll go wherever you say. 你說到哪里我們就到哪里。

Avoid structure of this kind wherever possible. 要盡可能避免這種結(jié)構(gòu)。

everywhere：

Everywhere they appeared there were ovations. 他們所到之處都有人歡呼。

Everywhere he went, he was introduced as the current United States champion.不管他到哪里，人們都介紹他是當前的美國冠軍。

You see it everywhere you look. 不管從哪兒看你都能看見它。

2) no matter where也可引導(dǎo)地點狀語：

No matter where you now are in writing, you can improve with practice. 不管目前在寫作上你處于什么水平，練習(xí)都能幫你提高。

Keep your mobile phone with you no matter where you are. 不管在哪里你都要帶著手機。

17.2.9　引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的連詞

1) 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的連詞是than和as：

than：

You sing better than I do. 你的歌唱得比我好。

There were more casualties than was reported. 傷亡人數(shù)比報導(dǎo)的多。

It was more expensive than I thought. 它比我想的要貴。

They work harder than we do. 他們比我們勤奮。

as：

You know as much about that as I do. 對這事你了解得和我一樣多。

I haven't done as much as I should have liked. 我做的沒有我希望的那么多。

They're as firm as one could expect. 他們像我們期望的那樣堅定。

Martin was as impatient as he was stubborn. 馬丁既急躁又固執(zhí)。

That's not so simple as it sounds. 那事并不像聽起來那么簡單。

2) 這類從句常有詞省略，只剩下單詞或詞組：

They are wiser than us. 他們比我們明智。

It is even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天還冷。

He was more lucky than clever. 他不是聰明，而是走運。

Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. 硬床比軟床更有益于健康。

This is more amusing than sitting in an office. 這比坐在辦公室里有意思。

He was almost as well off as myself. 他差不多和我自己一樣富裕。

She doesn't work as hard as you. 她沒有你那樣勤奮。

He can run as fast as 20 miles an hour. 他快跑能達到一小時二十英里的速度。

Those trees can be as big as 20 feet across. 那些樹可以大到直徑二十英尺。

17.2.10　引導(dǎo)其他從句的連詞

1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句的連詞有that和whether，if可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句：

that：

She always complains that he is down on her. 她老是抱怨他看不起她。

I'll prove to the world that he was right. 我要向全世界證明他是對的。

That you're coming to China is the best news I have heard this long time. 你要到中國來是這么長時間以來我聽到的最好消息。

It's natural that they should have different views. 他們有不同看法是很自然的。

whether：

I don't know whether you like flowers. 我不知道你喜不喜歡花。

I'll see whether I can induce him to accept it. 我要看看我能否勸說他接受這東西。

Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. 它會對我們有害還是有益還需看一看。

It was uncertain whether my playmates would come (or not). 我的玩伴們是否會來還不肯定。

if：

I wonder if it's large enough. 不知這夠不夠大。

He asked if I would show him the way. 他問我可否給他帶路。

2) that和whether還可引導(dǎo)表語從句或同位語從句：

that：

The fact is that he doesn't really try. 事實是他沒有真正去努力。

The reason was (that) he was afraid. 原因是他害怕。

He came to the decision that he must act at once. 他決定必須立即行動。

I have a feeling that our team is going to win. 我覺得我們隊會獲勝。

whether：

His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet. 他的第一個問題是福爾摩斯是否來了。

The point is whether we ought to recommend him. 問題是我們是否應(yīng)當推薦他。

They raised the question whether we ought to call in a specialist. 他們提出了是否應(yīng)請專家來的問題。

3) that和whether還可以用在形容詞之后：

It's doubtful whether we'll be able to come. 我們是否能來還是個疑問。

Secretly he was pleased that Jennie should have this fine chance. 他暗中高興珍妮有這個好機會。

I am certain that I posted the letter. 我肯定這信我發(fā)了。

He wasn't sure whether he ought to laugh or cry. 他啼笑皆非。

4) 除了連詞外，連接代（副）詞也可引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句等。關(guān)于這類句子可參閱第5.5.2和第15.1.6節(jié)。另外，關(guān)系代（副）詞可引導(dǎo)賓語從句，關(guān)于這類句子可參閱第5.6.1—5.6.5及第15.1.6節(jié)，以及后面的22.3.1—22.3.2節(jié)。