第11章　助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 11.3　一些半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法

11.3　一些半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法

11.3.1　need的用法

1) 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法:

a. 用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“不必”

You needn't make two copies. One will do. 你不必寫(xiě)兩份，一份就行。

They needn't send me a receipt. 他們不必寄我收條。

You needn't come to the meeting if you're too busy. 如果你太忙就不必來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)了。

We needn't have packed our thick clothes. The weather was really warm. 我們本來(lái)不需要帶厚衣服的。天氣確實(shí)很暖和。

She needn't have come in person—a letter would have been enough. 她其實(shí)不必親自來(lái)的，寫(xiě)封信就夠了。

She need not have been punished so severely. 她本來(lái)不必受這么嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。

Δ 可用在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式，仍可用need：

He said (says) I needn't pay till the 31st. 他說(shuō)我到31日才需要付款。

They said he needn't send a deposit. 他們說(shuō)他無(wú)需寄定金來(lái)。

b. 用在帶有否定意思的句子中：

I need hardly tell you that the job is dangerous. 我用不著告訴你這工作是危險(xiǎn)的。

I scarcely need say how much I enjoyed the holiday. 我簡(jiǎn)直不用說(shuō)我假期過(guò)得多愉快。

Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease. 誰(shuí)都不必害怕染上這種疾病。

I don't believe you need worry. 我認(rèn)為你不必憂(yōu)慮。

I don't think you need take it too seriously. 我想你對(duì)此不必太較真。

c. 可構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句：

Need I tell Tom? 我需要告訴湯姆嗎？

Need he do it at once? 他有必要馬上這樣做嗎？

Need we come tomorrow？——No, you needn't (Yes, you must). 我們要來(lái)嗎？ ——不必來(lái)（你們得來(lái)）。

Why need you go today? 你為什么今天就得走？

Need you have paid so much? 你需要支付那么多錢(qián)嗎？

也可用在表示疑問(wèn)的從句中：

I asked him whether he need go. 我問(wèn)他是否必須得去。

I wonder if I need bring my mosquito-net. 不知我是否需要帶上蚊帳。

I do not see why we need discuss it further. 我看不出我們還有什么談下去的必要。

2) 作及物動(dòng)詞的用法：

作為及物動(dòng)詞，need表示“需要”，后面可以跟：

a. 名詞或代詞：

All living things need water. 一切生物都需要水。

I need a new film for my camera. 我需要一個(gè)新（照相）膠卷。

Do you need any help? 你需要什么幫助嗎？

What we need is some proof. 我們需要的是證明。

Don't go—I may need you. 別走了，我可能會(huì)需要你。

b. 不定式：

I need to ask some advice. 我需要求教。

Do we need to buy tickets in advance? 我們需要預(yù)先購(gòu)票嗎？

I need to get some sleep. 我需要睡一會(huì)兒。

All you need to do is (to) fill in this form. 你只需要填一下這張表。

The instruments needed to be sterilized. 這些器械需要消毒。

c. 動(dòng)名詞：

His hair needed cutting. 他的頭發(fā)該理了。

This jumper needs washing (to be washed). 這件套衫需要洗了。

The garden doesn't need watering—it rained last night. 花園無(wú)需澆水，昨晚下雨了。

d. 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：

He needed his eyes tested. 他需要請(qǐng)人驗(yàn)光。

I need my coat mended. 我的上衣需要補(bǔ)一補(bǔ)。

I need you over to help me with the children. 我需要你過(guò)來(lái)幫我照料孩子。

We need you to work for us. 我們需要你幫我們工作。

11.3.2　dare的用法

1) 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法:

作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，dare表示“敢…”，這時(shí)沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)形式，但有過(guò)去式dared，主要用于：

a. 否定句（有時(shí)借助助動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)不定式可帶to也可不帶to）：

I daren't ask her to marry me. 我不敢求她嫁給我。

The government dared not increase taxes again this year. 今年政府不敢再加稅了。

They dared not move. 他們不敢動(dòng)。

She dare not say what she thinks. 她不敢說(shuō)出她的想法。

He doesn't dare (to) say anything. 他什么都不敢說(shuō)。

They were so frightened that they didn't dare go into the room. 他們怕得不敢進(jìn)屋。

They didn't dare (to) disobey. 他們不敢不服從。

Δ 也可用在帶有否定意思的句子中：

I daren't have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now. 昨天我沒(méi)敢這樣做，但我想今天我敢。

No one dared speak of it. 沒(méi)人敢談及此事。

He never dared stay long. 他從不敢多待。

We hardly dared (to) breathe as somebody walked past the door. 有人從門(mén)口過(guò)時(shí)，我們幾乎都不敢喘氣了。

I scarcely dare think of it. 這事我簡(jiǎn)直不敢想。

b. 疑問(wèn)句及條件從句（有時(shí)也可借助助動(dòng)詞）：

Dare you interrupt him? 你敢打斷他的話(huà)嗎？

How dare you speak to me like that! 你怎么敢對(duì)我這樣講話(huà)！

How dare he take my bicycle without even asking! 他怎么敢不問(wèn)一聲就把我的自行車(chē)拿走！

I wonder if she dared come home. 不知道她敢不敢回家。

Do you dare tell him? 你敢告訴他嗎？

If you dare speak to me like that again, you will be sorry. 要是你再敢這樣對(duì)我說(shuō)話(huà)，你就會(huì)后悔的。

Jump if you dare! 你要是敢就跳！

c. 用于I dare say，don't you dare引導(dǎo)的句子中：

I dare say you're right. 我認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。

I dare say you are British. 我看你是英國(guó)人。

You're tired, I dare say. 我想你是累了。

Don't you dare tell my parents about this! 你敢告訴我父母這件事！

Don't you dare touch that vase. 不準(zhǔn)碰那花瓶。

I'm going to tell your father about the drugs. "Don't you dare!"“我要把毒品的事告訴你爸?！薄澳愀?！”

2) 作及物動(dòng)詞的用法：

作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以表示：

a. 敢（做某事）（可用于多類(lèi)句子）：

He dared to walk the tightrope without a net. 他敢不用安全網(wǎng)來(lái)踩鋼絲。

He dares to accuse me of dishonesty. 他竟敢說(shuō)我不老實(shí)。

I did not dare to complain. 我不敢抱怨。

I sat at the back, never daring to speak. 我坐在后面，從不敢說(shuō)話(huà)。

Do you dare to suggest that I'm capable of such an act? 你敢說(shuō)我能做出這樣的事？

b. 敢于面對(duì)（嘗試）：

He will dare any danger. 他敢于面對(duì)任何危險(xiǎn)。

He dared the anger of her family. 他敢于面對(duì)家人的憤怒。

The actress dared a new way of playing that famous character. 這位女演員敢嘗試以新的方式扮演那個(gè)名人。

c. 向…挑戰(zhàn)，要某人做一件危險(xiǎn)的事：

Can you jump off the wall? Go on, I dare you! 你能從墻上跳下來(lái)嗎？來(lái)，我要你跳！

Somebody dared me to jump off the bridge into the river. 有人問(wèn)我敢不敢從橋上跳到河里去。

I dared them to debate with me about it. 我問(wèn)他們敢不敢和我辯論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

11.3.3　be able to的用法

1) be able to可以跟一動(dòng)詞，意思和can差不多，有時(shí)兩者可以換用：

I'm not able to (can't) answer your question. 我回答不了你的問(wèn)題。

Are you able to (Can you) type? 你會(huì)打字嗎？

When he was young he was able to (could) climb any tree. 小時(shí)候他什么樹(shù)都爬得上去。

He wasn't able to (couldn't) understand that sentence. 他不懂那句話(huà)。

但be able to可用于更多時(shí)態(tài)，有時(shí)不能用can代替：

I shan't be able to come to your wedding. 我將不能來(lái)參加你的婚禮。

Since his accident he hasn't been able to leave the house. 他出事以來(lái)一直不能出門(mén)。

She said she had lost her passport and hadn't been able to leave the country.她說(shuō)她護(hù)照丟了，一直無(wú)法出境。

She wasn't sure whether she would be able to get back that week. 她不能肯定那個(gè)星期能否趕回來(lái)。

2) be able to還可和某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞連用：

I ought to be able to get in touch with him. 我應(yīng)當(dāng)可以和他取得聯(lián)系。

He might be able to find a good hotel. 他或許能找到一家好旅館。

She should be able to offer you some good advice. 她應(yīng)當(dāng)可以給你出點(diǎn)好主意。

He seemed able to put complicated thought in simple words. 他似乎能把復(fù)雜的思想用簡(jiǎn)單的話(huà)語(yǔ)說(shuō)出來(lái)。

3) 還可用于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中：

I should like to be able to read the book in the original. 我希望能閱讀這本書(shū)的原文。

He much regretted not being able to come to your wedding. 他很遺憾沒(méi)能來(lái)參加你們的婚禮。

She grasped my hand, not being able to say anything. 她抓住我的手，什么也說(shuō)不出來(lái)。

11.3.4　have to的用法

1) have to的意思接近must，但must強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話(huà)人的意愿：

We must remember this. 我們必須記住這一點(diǎn)。

You must take good care of her. 你要好好照顧她。

而have to表示客觀上的必要性，常可譯為“（不）得（不）”，否定形式表示“不必”：

You have to have a visa to go to another country. 你到別國(guó)去得有簽證。

She has to go to the bank this afternoon. 今天下午她得去銀行。

We have to be careful in such matters. 處理這類(lèi)事我們得小心。

He has to do a lot of reading. 他得看很多書(shū)。

Δ這種結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問(wèn)式和否定式都借助do構(gòu)成：

Do you have to leave so soon? 你這么快就得走嗎？

Does she have to go with you? 她得和你一起去嗎？

What do I have to do to get a licence? 我要怎樣才能取得駕駛執(zhí)照？

You don't have to get up so early. 你不必起這么早。

She doesn't (didn't) have to answer all those questions. 她不必回答所有那些問(wèn)題。

Δ還可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)：

I missed the bus and had to walk home. 我沒(méi)趕上巴士，只好走著回家。

We'll have to help him as much as we can. 我們將不得不盡力幫助他。

First I'd have to get my father's consent. 首先我必須取得我爸的同意。

These last few days I've had to take a rest. 最近這幾天我不得不休息了一下。

If it hadn't been for your help, I would have had to leave. 要不是你幫忙，我就得離開(kāi)這里了。

2) 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 有種種困難需要克服。

A lot of letters had to be answered. 有大量的信要回。

The whole thing will have to be done all over again. 整件事將不得不重做一遍。

還可和may，might連用：

We may have to cancel the plan. 我們可能不得不取消這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。

They might have to ask her permission to do this. 他們要這樣做可能得請(qǐng)求她的許可。

3) have got to和have to意思差不多：

I've got to be off now. 我現(xiàn)在得走了。

We've got to send her to hospital. 我們不得不送她進(jìn)醫(yī)院。

Has he got to get himself involved in this affair? 他有必要卷入此事嗎？

She has got to be operated on. 她得動(dòng)手術(shù)。

11.3.5　had better (best)的用法

1) had better也接近一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后面總跟動(dòng)詞原形，表示“最好…”（had常可緊縮為'd）：

We'd better go before it gets dark. 我們最好趁天沒(méi)黑就走。

You'd better take a nap after lunch. 午飯后你最好小睡一會(huì)兒。

Hadn't we better take an umbrella? 我們是不是帶把雨傘比較好？

You'd better not talk like that. 你最好別這樣講話(huà)。

What had we better do? 我們最好怎么辦？

后面有時(shí)可跟不定式的進(jìn)行式，表示立即做某事：

I think I'd better be going. 我想我最好還是馬上走。

We'd better be getting our clothes ready. 我們最好馬上把衣服準(zhǔn)備好。

had有時(shí)可以省略：

You better stop arguing. 你們最好別爭(zhēng)論了。

Better not wait for them. 最好別等他們了。

2) had best的用法和had better差不多：

We had best have his opinion first. 我們最好先聽(tīng)聽(tīng)他的意見(jiàn)。

I had best be going now. 我最好現(xiàn)在就走。