第10章　虛擬語氣 10.3　虛擬語氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用

10.3　虛擬語氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用

10.3.1　虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用

在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣：

1) wish后的賓語從句：

在wish后的賓語從句中謂語主要有兩種形式（表示與事實(shí)相反的情況）：

a. 用過去式表示現(xiàn)在情況，動(dòng)詞be用were時(shí)較多（也有人用was）：

I wish I knew what was going to happen. 但愿我知道將要發(fā)生什么事。

I wish I could help you. 但愿我能幫助你。（但我不能）

I wish I had more time. 但愿我有更多的時(shí)間。

I wish I were (was) young again. 真希望我能再年輕一次。

b. 用相當(dāng)于過去完成時(shí)的形式，表示過去的情況（常有遺憾的味道）：

I wish (that) I had listened to your advice. 我要是聽你的勸告就好了。

My father wishes (that) he had gone to university. 我父親很希望自己上過大學(xué)。

I wish you hadn't told me all this. 但愿你沒告訴我這一切。

She wished she hadn't come. 她但愿自己沒來。

間或用would構(gòu)成謂語：

I wish he wouldn't go out every night. 但愿他不要每晚都出去。

I wish you wouldn't be so noisy. 但愿你別這么吵。

2) would rather（sooner）后的賓語從句：

謂語多用相當(dāng)于過去式的形式，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r：

I'd rather you know that now, than afterwards. 我寧愿你現(xiàn)在知道而不是將來知道。

Do you mind if I smoke here? "I'd rather you didn't."“我在此抽煙你介意嗎？”“我倒是希望你別抽?！?

I would rather you told me the truth. 我寧愿你給我講真話。

I'd sooner you didn't ask me that question. 我寧愿你別問我那個(gè)問題。

謂語用相當(dāng)于過去式的形式，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r：

I'd rather you hadn't told me about it. 我倒寧愿你沒告訴我這件事。

在had rather和prefer后的賓語從句中有時(shí)也可用虛擬語氣：

I had rather you did it. 我寧愿你做這事。

She preferred that he should do the washing-up in the kitchen. 她寧愿他在廚房里洗碗碟。

在suppose后的賓語從句中也可能包含虛擬語氣：

Suppose her father turned her out of doors! 設(shè)想她父親把她攆出家門！

Suppose they did not believe him what would they do to him? 假如他們不相信他的話，他們會(huì)把他怎么樣？

3) suggest， demand， insist， ask這類動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句：

在這類從句中美國人多用動(dòng)詞原形（也就是現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣）：

He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up. 他建議起草一份請?jiān)笗?

She demanded that I pay her immediately. 她要求我立即付款給她。

He insisted that Jennie send her to dancing school. 他堅(jiān)持要珍妮送她進(jìn)舞蹈學(xué)校。

He asks that he be given an opportunity to explain his case. 他要求給他機(jī)會(huì)解釋他的情況。

I advise that he go at once. 我建議他馬上就去。

I propose that Mr. Parr be the chairman. 我提議帕爾先生擔(dān)任主席。

She urged that he write and accept the post. 她催促他寫信去接受這個(gè)職位。

Congress has voted that the present law be maintained. 國會(huì)投票決定維持現(xiàn)行法律。

He requested that the Premier grant him an interview. 他請求總理接見他。

He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我們立即進(jìn)攻。

The Queen desires that you (should) come at once. 女王希望你馬上來。

I move that we accept the proposal. 我提議通過這項(xiàng)提案。

He ordered that the man be released. 他命令釋放那人。

I recommend that everyone (should) buy this dictionary. 我建議這字典每個(gè)人買一本。

He requires that they (should) work all night. 他要求他們通宵工作。

The Senate has decreed that such students not be exempted from college dues. 參議院規(guī)定這樣的學(xué)生不能免交學(xué)費(fèi)。

They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他們打算封鎖這條消息。

She petitioned the king that her son (should) be pardoned. 她懇求國王寬恕她的兒子。

英國人過去多用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”作這類從句中的謂語，但現(xiàn)在用原形的人也越來越多了，另外這類句子也可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，賓語從句則成了主語從句：

It is suggested that we make a special study of the problem. 有人建議我們對這問題作專門研究。

It was intended that you be the candidate. 打算讓你作候選人。

It was proposed that this matter be discussed at the next meeting. 有人提議這問題下次會(huì)上再議。

It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提請投票表決。

10.3.2　虛擬語氣在主語、表語等從句中的運(yùn)用

虛擬語氣還可在主語、表語及同位語從句中使用，形式和上節(jié)第三段談的句子基本上一樣：

1) 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的使用：

It is important that he work hard. 他努力工作是很重要的。

It is essential that this mission not fail. 這項(xiàng)任務(wù)不失敗至關(guān)重要。

It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 廢除這項(xiàng)稅收是合適的。

It's imperative that you (should) not be seen here. 你不要在這里露面，這很要緊。

It's vital to her health that she take this medicine. 她吃這藥對她的身體非常重要。

另外，在有些這類結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中，主語從句的謂語由“should+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，這時(shí)多帶有一些情感色彩，可譯為“竟然”等（表示一種不可思議的狀況）：

It seems so unfair that this should happen to me. 我身上竟發(fā)生這樣的事，這似乎很不公平。

I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. 有人竟然這樣悲慘，我感到太可怕了。

It's strange that she should be so late. 真奇怪，她竟然來得這樣晚。

It is surprising that they should pass the time like that. 他們竟然這樣來打發(fā)時(shí)間真令人驚訝。

It's natural that you should forget it. 你忘掉這事是很自然的。

That they should do such a wicked thing is unthinkable. 他們竟然做這樣不道德的事真是不可思議。

2) 用在表語從句中的虛擬語氣：

Our decision is that the school remain closed. 我們的決定是學(xué)校暫不開學(xué)。

Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the house. 索菲婭的想法是他們把屋子鎖上。

My suggestion is that we take the 6:00 train. 我的建議是搭六點(diǎn)的火車。

Their requirement is that every member attend at least one meeting per year.他們的要求是每個(gè)會(huì)員每年至少參加一次會(huì)議。

3) 用在同位語從句中的虛擬語氣：

He made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in Japanese.他建議他們用日語接著交談。

There have been demands that the prime minister should resign. 有人要求首相辭職。

They expressed the wish that they be given more free time. 他們表示希望給他們更多的空閑時(shí)間。

The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允許婦女加入該協(xié)會(huì)的決議通過了。

10.3.3　虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的運(yùn)用

在某些狀語從句中，謂語有時(shí)用虛擬語氣，特別是在下面幾類狀語中：

1) as if， as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句：

這類狀語從句中的謂語形式和一般虛擬語氣差不多，表示現(xiàn)在情況時(shí)用過去虛擬語氣（a），表示過去情況時(shí)用完成形式（b）：

a. I have loved you as if you were my son. 我愛你就像你是我的親兒子。

I remember it vividly as though it were tonight. 這事我記得很清楚就像發(fā)生在今晚似的。

He behaves as if he owned the place. 他表現(xiàn)得像是這地方的主人。

He talks as though he knew where she was. 他談起來仿佛他知道她在哪兒似的。

b. He talks (talked) about Rome as though he had been there himself. 他談起羅馬就仿佛他到過那里似的。

Fancy you sitting there as if nothing had happened. 瞧你坐在那里好像什么事也沒發(fā)生似的。

He looks (looked) as though he had known Millie for years. 他看上去就像他認(rèn)識(shí)米麗好多年了。

在look， seem， taste， smell后，as if引導(dǎo)的從句中可以用陳述語氣：

It looks as if they are in a terrible hurry. 看起來他們好像忙得要命。

It seems as if we shall have to walk. 看上去我們得步行了。

The meat tastes as if it has gone bad. 這肉吃起來好像已經(jīng)壞了。

The milk smells as if it is sour. 這奶聞起來好像酸掉了。

as if （though）還可引導(dǎo)表語從句：

It isn't as if you were going away for good. 又不是你一去不復(fù)返了。

It is not as though we were poor. 我們又不是窮人家。

You look as if you didn't care. 你看上去好像不在乎的樣子。

2) 有些讓步從句中也可能用虛擬語氣，特別是某些句型，其中有些用現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣（a），有些用may， might， would構(gòu)成謂語（b）：

a. Though he be the President himself, he shall hear us. 即使他是總統(tǒng)本人，他也得聽我們講話。

Whether she be right or wrong, we will support her. 不管她是對還是錯(cuò)，我們都會(huì)支持她.

Whatever be the reasons for his action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty.不管他這樣做的原因何在，我們都不能容忍這種不忠誠的行為。

b. Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose. 即使如此，我們也不損失什么。

Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan. 不管發(fā)生什么情況，我們也要推行這個(gè)計(jì)劃。

Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity. 盡管你窮，你也不能一輩子靠救濟(jì)過日子。

Try as I would, I cannot prevail upon him to follow my advice. 不管想什么辦法，我都不能勸說他按我的意見行事。

這些句子（特別是第一類）的從句謂語也可用陳述語氣：

Though he is the President himself...

Whether she is right or wrong...

上面的b類句子可以看作是一種句型。

3) 有些目的從句也可用虛擬語氣作謂語（主要是用動(dòng)詞原形）：

They removed the prisoner in order that he not disturb the proceedings any further. 他們把犯人帶走以免他繼續(xù)干擾訴訟進(jìn)程。

The President must reject the proposal, lest it cause strife and violence. 總統(tǒng)必須拒絕這個(gè)提議，以免引起沖突和暴力。

Earth mounds were being hastily erected lest an attack (should) be launched that night. 正在匆忙地壘起土堆，以防那晚（敵人）會(huì)發(fā)起襲擊。

但這種用法已日漸減少，現(xiàn)在多用would， should， could， might等構(gòu)成謂語（屬于陳述語氣范疇）：

He left early in order that the children would not be alone in the house. 他早早動(dòng)身以免孩子們單獨(dú)待在家里。

I lent him ￡50 so that he might go for a holiday. 我借給他五十英鎊以便他能去度假。

I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一條船以便能出去釣魚。

He hurried on, lest she should meet him again. 他匆忙往前走，以免她再碰到他。

4) 在“be+形容詞”這種結(jié)構(gòu)后的從句，有時(shí)用should+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語：

I'm surprised that you should press the suggestion. 我很奇怪你怎么會(huì)堅(jiān)持你的建議。

He was amazed that some countries should express indignation at it. 他很驚訝有些國家竟對此感到憤怒。

They're especially anxious that you should come. 他們特別期盼你能來。

They were insistent that we be ready. 他們堅(jiān)持要我們做好準(zhǔn)備。

但這類結(jié)構(gòu)后的從句用陳述語氣的時(shí)候可能更多一些。