第5章　代　詞 5.6　關(guān)系代詞

5.6　關(guān)系代詞

5.6.1　關(guān)系代詞的作用

關(guān)系代詞有如下這些：

它們都是用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的。這類代詞都起著三重作用，一是代表前面的名詞，二是把從句和它所修飾的詞連接起來，三是在從句中也擔(dān)任一個(gè)成分，例如：

I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一個(gè)人，他說他認(rèn)識(shí)你。

（who代表someone，又引導(dǎo)從句修飾它，同時(shí)又在從句中擔(dān)任主語）

The noise that he made woke everybody up. 他弄出的聲音把大家都吵醒了。（that代表noise，又引導(dǎo)從句修飾它，又在從句中擔(dān)任made的賓語）

I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在報(bào)上看到一點(diǎn)消息，可能會(huì)使你感興趣。（which代表something，又引導(dǎo)從句修飾它，又在從句中擔(dān)任主語）

這種代詞起著關(guān)連作用，把引導(dǎo)的從句和所修飾的詞連接起來，因此稱作關(guān)系代詞，它們引導(dǎo)的從句稱為關(guān)系從句（Relative Clauses），也稱定語從句（Attributive Clauses）。

5.6.2　who, whom和whose的用法

1) who代表人，在從句中作主語：

The man who robbed her has been arrested. 搶她東西的人被捕了。

The girls who served in the shop were the owner's daughters. 在商店里接待顧客的那些姑娘是老板的女兒。

The girl who spoke is my best friend. 講話的姑娘是我最好的朋友。

2) whom也代表人，但在從句中作賓語或介詞賓語：

The man whom I saw told me to come back today. 我見到的那個(gè)人讓我今天再來。

The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay. 他雇用的姑娘們老是抱怨工資太低。

The man with whom I was travelling didn't speak English. 和我一道旅行的那人不會(huì)講英語。

在口語中常可用who代替，也可省略：

The man (who) I saw told me to wait. 我見到的那個(gè)人讓我等一會(huì)兒。

The girl (who/whom) I spoke to was a student. 和我講話的女孩是個(gè)學(xué)生。

但緊跟介詞時(shí)只能用whom：

The man to whom I spoke was a foreigner. 我找他講話的那人是外國(guó)人。

The man from whom I bought it told me to read the instructions. 賣我貨的人讓我看一看說明書。

3) whose 表示“某人的”，在從句中作定語：

A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased. 精神病人就是腦子有病的人。

I know a boy whose father is an acrobat. 我認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)男孩，他父親是雜技演員。

That's the boy whose mother has just died. 這就是那個(gè)剛死了媽的男孩。

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 這部電影講一個(gè)間諜，他的妻子出賣了他。

有時(shí)可指無生命的東西：

He saw a house whose windows were all broken. 他看到一所房子，窗子全都破了。

He showed me a machine whose parts are too small to be seen. 他給我展示了一種機(jī)器，它的部件都小得無法看到。

I saw a film whose name I have forgotten. 我看了一部電影，名字我忘了。

5.6.3　that和which的用法

1) that可以代表人（a），也可以代表東西（b）：

a. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. （諺）想吃果子就得爬樹。

Can you think of anyone that could look after him? 你能想到什么人能照顧他嗎？

The man that I spoke to told me to wait. 我找他講話的人讓我等一等。

b. That is the picture that (which) caused such a sensation. 這就是那張引起如此轟動(dòng)的畫。

The stairs that lead to the cellar are rather slippery. 通往地窖的樓梯相當(dāng)滑。

All the apples that fall are eaten by wild boars. 落在地上的蘋果都被野豬吃了。

在從句中作賓語時(shí)，that?？墒÷裕?/p>

This is the best hotel (that) I know. 這是我知道的最好的旅館。

Who is the man (that) you were talking to? 剛才你在和誰講話？

2) which只能代表東西或動(dòng)物，它在從句中可充當(dāng)：

a. 主語：

She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在剛到的火車上。

The dog which was lost has been found. 丟失的狗找著了。

This is the book which was on the table. 這就是原來在桌上的那本書。

b. 賓語：

The car which (that) I hired broke down. 我租的汽車壞了。

These are the conditions which we have to accept. 這些就是我們必得接受的條件。

His mind was full of ideas which he wanted to discuss. 他腦中充滿了各種想和別人討論的想法。

c. 介詞賓語：

The day on which I saw him was the greatest of my life. 見到他的那天是我一生中最偉大的日子。

That's a formality which we have to go through. 這是我們必須履行的手續(xù)。

The ladder which (that) I was standing on began to slip. 我站的梯子開始滑動(dòng)。

在作賓語或介詞賓語時(shí)，which（that）常可省略：

That's the house (which/that) we built. 這就是我們蓋的房子。

This is the book (which/that) you wanted. 這是你要的書。

There are the difficulties (which/that) we got into. 這些就是我們碰到的困難。

但在緊跟介詞時(shí)，只能用which，不能用that，而且不能省略：

Read the passage to which I referred in my talk. 讀一讀我在講話中提到的那段文字。

The situation in which he found himself was very difficult. 他的處境非常困難。

在口語中，介詞和它的賓語分開，也可以省略：

The situation (that/which) he found himself in was very difficult.

5.6.4　限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

定語從句有兩類，即限制性定語從句（Restrictive Attributive Clause）和非限制性定語從句（Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause）。

1) 限制性定語從句：

這種從句限制所修飾詞的意義，如把它拿掉，句子意思即不清楚，甚至失去意義，例如：

That's the machine he designed. 這就是他設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)器。（若把he designed去掉，句子意思則不清楚）

Madame Curie was a woman we admired. 居里夫人是我們崇拜的女性。（若把we admired去掉，句子就失去意義）

前面舉的例子都包含限制性定語從句，在譯成漢語時(shí)也多譯成一個(gè)定語， 如“我們崇拜的”、“他設(shè)計(jì)的”。只有在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞才能省略。

2) 非限制性定語從句：

另有一種定語從句和主句（句子的其他部分）關(guān)系不太緊密，對(duì)所修飾詞的意思沒有限制作用，把它拿掉對(duì)句子基本上沒有影響，句子依然完整。它可以說是一個(gè)附加上去的成分，通常都用逗號(hào)把它和句子的其他部分分開，譯成漢語時(shí)常可譯成并列句。這種從句只能由who（m）（a），whose（b）或which（c）引導(dǎo)：

a. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得開了一天的車，建議在下一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)停一停。

I passed the letter to Helen, who was sitting beside me. 我把信傳給海倫，她就坐在我旁邊。

I've invited Mrs Green, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請(qǐng)了格林太太，她就住在隔壁。

Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. 彼得受到大家的懷疑，但結(jié)果證明他是無辜的。

Mr Black, for whom I was working, was very generous. 我給布萊克先生工作，他為人很大方。

David, whom (who) I played tennis with on Sundays, was a colleague of mine.我星期天都和大衛(wèi)打網(wǎng)球，他是我的一位同事。

b. Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安妮的孩子們?nèi)焐蠈W(xué)，她在想法找一份工作。

This is Harry, whose class you'll be taking over. 這是哈利，你將接手他的班。

My dog, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites judges at dog shows. 我那條狗的脾氣捉摸不定，參加狗展時(shí)常咬裁判。

c. The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. 八點(diǎn)三十分的（火）車通常很準(zhǔn)時(shí)，但今天晚點(diǎn)了。

My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well.我的那輛新車花了我好幾千鎊，開起來卻不太好。

They drafted two different constitutions, one of which was never put in force.他們草擬了兩部不同的憲法，其中一部從未實(shí)施過。

5.6.5　which的特殊用法

1) 在非限制性定語從句中，which可以代表主句的一部分，甚至全部，而不僅僅限于一個(gè)名詞或代詞：

This I did at nine o'clock, after which (=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper. 我九點(diǎn)鐘做了這事，之后我就坐著看了一會(huì)兒報(bào)。

He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. 他請(qǐng)我們?nèi)コ燥?，這是他難得的好意。

We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable. 我們不得不穿著濕衣服睡，這很不舒服。

He said he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他說他以前從未見過她，這不是真的。

2) which有時(shí)在從句中作定語：

He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. 他讓我躲在門后，我立即照著做了。

He believes in the abolition of capital punishment, which idea I am quite opposed to. 他主張廢除死刑，對(duì)這種觀念我是完全反對(duì)的。

She may not be in, in which case you could leave her a note. 她可能不在家，如果是那樣你可以給她留個(gè)條。

He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today. 他學(xué)的是電腦，這門知識(shí)現(xiàn)在很重要。

在書面語中，有時(shí)把這類從句單列成一句：

From which he learned a few lessons which were later of value to him. 從中他得到了一些教訓(xùn)，對(duì)他后來很有用處。

3) which還可以和不定式一起用：

Allow me one minute in which to change my costume. 給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間去換裝。

She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在銀行存了一點(diǎn)錢，用這錢來幫助她的母親。

Now he had no pretext on which to stay in the house. 現(xiàn)在他沒有什么借口再在這家待下去了。

4) which有時(shí)還可以表示“任何一個(gè)”，意思和whichever差不多：

You may have which apple you like. 你想要哪個(gè)蘋果就拿哪個(gè)。

Take which dresses you want from my wardrobe. 想要什么衣服就從我的衣柜里拿。

You may select which you like. 你可挑選任何你喜歡的。

Use which method you prefer. 你愿意用什么方法都行。

關(guān)于關(guān)系從句，在22.3.1—22.3.2節(jié)中還將作進(jìn)一步討論。