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雙語+MP3|美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史54 畫“連城”游戲,三個(gè)國(guó)王成一行

所屬教程:希利爾:美國(guó)學(xué)生文史經(jīng)典套裝

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2018年10月26日

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54
Tick-Tack-Toe; Three Kings in a Row
畫"連城"游戲,三個(gè)國(guó)王成一行

     HERE are three kings:
 Richard of England,
 Philip of France, and
 Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
     If you say their names over several times, they keep ringing through your mind and you can't seem to stop thinking them whether you want to or not.
     Jerusalem was captured. But it didn't stay captured very long. Muslims attacked and won it back again.
     The Christians started a Second Crusade. Thereafter about once in a lifetime during the next two hundred years there was one Crusade after another-eight or nine in all. Sometimes these later Crusades won back Jerusalem for a while, but for a while only. Sometimes they did not succeed at all.

Richard of England, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa
英國(guó)的理查、法國(guó)的腓力和腓特烈·巴巴羅薩
     The Third Crusade took place about a hundred years after the first; that is, nearly 1200 A.D. These three kings-Richard of England, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa-started on the Third Crusade. But they didn't all finish. I'll tell you about them in three-two-one-order.

     Frederick's name, Barbarossa, meant Red Beard, for in those days it was the custom to give kings nicknames that described them. Frederick's capital was in Aix-la-Chapelle, as Charlemagne's had been, but Frederick was king only of Germany. When a young man, he had tried to make his country as large and powerful as the new Roman Empire that Charlemagne had made. But he was not a great enough man, and so was unable to do what Charlemagne had done. Frederick was quite old when he started out on the Third Crusade with the other two kings. But he never reached Jerusalem, for in crossing a stream on the way, he was drowned. So much for Frederick, the third king.
     The second king, Philip of France, was jealous of the first king, Richard, because Richard was so very popular and well liked by the Crusaders. Philip finally gave up the Crusade and went back to France.
     Richard of England was then the only king left on the Crusade. It would have been better if he, too, had gone back to his country instead of gallivanting off on a Crusade. But he thought going on a Crusade was much better sport than staying at home and working over the difficult business of governing his people.
     Richard was kind and gentle, yet strong and brave. Richard the Lion-Hearted they called him. He was hard on wrongdoers but fair and square. People loved him, but they feared him, too, for he punished the wicked and those who misbehaved.
     Even Richard's enemies admired him. The Muslim king of Jerusalem at the time of this Third Crusade was named Saladin. Saladin, though being attacked by Richard, admired him very much and even became his friend. So Saladin, instead of fighting Richard, finally made a friendly agreement with him to treat the Holy Sepulcher and the pilgrims properly. As this arrangement was satisfactory to everyone, Richard left Jerusalem to Saladin and started back home.
     On his way home Richard was captured and put in prison by the son of Frederick Barbarossa and held for a large ransom from England. Richard's friends did not know where he was and did not know how to find him.
     Now, it so happened that Richard had a favorite minstrel named Blondel. Blondel had composed a song of which Richard was very fond. When Richard was taken prisoner, Blondel wandered over the country singing everywhere this favorite song in the hope that Richard might hear it and reveal where he was. One day he happened to sing beneath the very tower where Richard was imprisoned. Richard heard him and answered by singing the refrain of the song. His friends then knew where he was, the ransom was paid, and Richard was allowed to go free.
     When, at last, Richard did reach England, he still had adventures. This was the time when Robin Hood was robbing travelers. Richard planned to have himself taken prisoner by Robin Hood, so that he might capture him and bring him to justice. Richard disguised himself as a monk and was captured as he had planned. But he found Robin Hood such a good fellow after all that he forgave him and his men.
     Richard's coat of arms was a design of three lions, one above the other; and this same design of three lions now forms part of the shield of England.
     After Richard's Crusade, there was a Fourth Crusade, and then in the year 1212-which is an easy date to remember, because it is simply the number 12 repeated one, two, one, two there was a crusade of children only. This was known therefore as the Children's Crusade. It was led by a French boy about twelve years old named Stephen, who was named after the first Christian martyr.
     Children from all over France left their homes and their mothers and fathers-it seems strange to us that their mothers and fathers let them start off on such a trip-and marched south to the Mediterranean Sea. Here they expected the waters of the sea would part and allow them to march on dry land to Jerusalem, as they had read in the Bible the waters of the Red Sea had done to allow the Israelites to leave Egypt. But the waters did not part.
     Some sailors, however, offered to take the children to Jerusalem in their ships. They said they would do it for nothing, just for the love of the Lord. But it turned out that these sailors were really pirates, and as soon as they got the children on board their ships they steered them straight into the very land of their enemies, the Muslims. Here, it is said, the pirates sold the children as slaves. This is not a Grimm's fairy tale, and the pirates were not trapped by the children, so I cannot make a happy ending, for it was not.
     The last or Eighth Crusade was led by a king of France called Louis. He was so pious and so devoted to the Lord that he was made a saint and ever after has been called St. Louis. Yet this Crusade failed, and ever since that time Jerusalem was ruled by Muslims until, in 1918, it was captured by the English, who kept it until 1948 when the state of Israel was established. Now, both Israeli Jews and Palestinians-Muslim and Christian-want control of the Holy City. It's very sad that this city that is so sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims is always at the center of a war.
     Not all the Crusaders were good Christians. Like some people nowadays, a great many were Christian only in name. In fact, though strange to say, quite a number of the Crusaders were nothing but scalawags, looking for excitement and adventure, and they went on a Crusade merely as an excuse to rob and plunder.
     The Crusades did not succeed in their object, which was to keep Jerusalem for the Christians. In spite of that, the Crusades did a great deal of good. When the Crusades first started, the Crusaders were not nearly as civilized as the people they went to conquer. But travel sometimes teaches people more than books, and it taught the Crusaders. They learned the customs of the other lands through which they went. They learned languages and literature. They learned history and art.
     There were then no public schools. Only a very, very few people had any education at all. The Crusades then did what schools might have done. They taught the people of Europe and opened up to them a whole new world of culture and knowledge.






     有三個(gè)國(guó)王:
 英國(guó)的理查,
 法國(guó)的腓力,
 德國(guó)的腓特烈·巴巴羅薩。
     如果你把他們的名字反復(fù)多念幾遍,這些名字就會(huì)縈繞在你的腦海里,似乎怎么都揮之不去。
     耶路撒冷被基督徒占領(lǐng)了。但是好景不長(zhǎng)。穆斯林發(fā)起進(jìn)攻又把它奪了回去。
     基督徒開始了第二次十字軍東征。此后的二百年里,百年一遇的事發(fā)生了,他們發(fā)起了一次接一次的十字軍東征--總共有八九次。有時(shí),這些后來的十字軍會(huì)把耶路撒冷奪過來,但都好景不長(zhǎng)。有時(shí),他們則一敗涂地。
     第三次十字軍東征發(fā)生在第一次十字軍東征后大約100年左右,就是差不多公元1200年。這三個(gè)國(guó)王--英國(guó)的理查,法國(guó)的腓力和腓特烈·巴巴羅薩--開始了第三次十字軍東征。但是他們并沒有都完成這次征戰(zhàn)。我將按照從后往前的順序先講腓特烈國(guó)王的故事,然后再講其他兩位國(guó)王。
     腓特烈的名字,巴巴羅薩,意思是紅胡子,因?yàn)榻o國(guó)王起個(gè)生動(dòng)的綽號(hào)來描述他們是當(dāng)時(shí)的風(fēng)俗。腓特烈國(guó)王的首都在亞琛,查理曼也曾在那里建都,但是腓特烈只是德國(guó)的國(guó)王。腓特烈年輕力壯的時(shí)候,也想讓他的國(guó)家像查理曼的新羅馬帝國(guó)那樣龐大、強(qiáng)盛??墒撬€不夠英明神武,所以成就不了查理曼那樣的豐功偉業(yè)。他和其他兩位國(guó)王發(fā)動(dòng)第三次十字軍東征的時(shí)候,年紀(jì)已經(jīng)很大了。不過他從未抵達(dá)耶路撒冷,因?yàn)榘肼飞线^一條小河時(shí)他掉進(jìn)河里淹死了。這就是第三個(gè)國(guó)王腓特 烈的情況。
     第二個(gè)國(guó)王,法國(guó)的腓力非常嫉妒第一個(gè)國(guó)王理查,因?yàn)槔聿樯钍苁周姂?zhàn)士的愛戴。最終腓力中途放棄了,回法國(guó)去了。
     這樣這次十字軍東征途中只剩下英國(guó)的理查這唯一的國(guó)王了。如果當(dāng)時(shí)他也回到自己的國(guó)家去,而不是隨十字軍東游西逛,可能會(huì)更好。但是他認(rèn)為比起待在國(guó)內(nèi)處理棘手的內(nèi)政問題,參加十字軍東征倒是更省心的活動(dòng)。
     理查善良而溫和,但是強(qiáng)壯而英勇。人們都叫他"獅心王理查"。他對(duì)作惡者的懲罰毫不手軟但卻能做到公正公平。人們愛戴他,但是同時(shí)也敬畏他,因?yàn)樗矏喝绯?,?duì)壞人嚴(yán)加懲處。
     甚至理查的敵人都?xì)J佩他。在第三次十字軍東征時(shí),耶路撒冷的穆斯林國(guó)王名叫薩拉丁。盡管薩拉丁受到理查的攻擊,卻非常佩服他,甚至和他成了朋友。所以薩拉丁沒有和理查交戰(zhàn),而是最終和他達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議,答應(yīng)以后要愛護(hù)圣墓,對(duì)朝圣者也以禮相待。既然對(duì)這樣的安排大家都很滿意,理查也就放心地把耶路撒冷交給了薩拉丁,踏上回家的旅途。
     在回家的路上,理查被腓特烈·巴巴羅薩的兒子抓了起來,關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄,并被扣為人質(zhì)向英國(guó)索要一大筆贖金。理查的朋友們不知道他在哪里,也不知道怎么找到他。
     碰巧理查有一個(gè)寵愛的吟游詩人名叫布隆德爾。布隆德爾曾創(chuàng)作了一首歌,理查非常喜歡。理查被關(guān)起來的時(shí)候,布隆德爾在全國(guó)游蕩,到處吟唱這首理查喜愛的歌,希望理查能聽到,并透露他在哪里。一天,他正好就在理查被關(guān)的那座監(jiān)獄高塔下吟唱。理查聽到他的歌聲,就哼唱起這首歌的副歌作為回應(yīng)。于是查理的朋友們就知道他被關(guān)押的地方,付了贖金,理查被放出來了。
     最后理查終于回到英國(guó),回來后他依然繼續(xù)冒險(xiǎn)。那時(shí)候大盜羅賓漢經(jīng)常搶劫路上的旅客。理查設(shè)計(jì)讓自己被羅賓漢俘獲,再趁機(jī)抓住羅賓漢,將他繩之以法。理查喬裝成僧侶,正如預(yù)謀的那樣被抓了。但是他發(fā)現(xiàn)羅賓漢終究是個(gè)好漢子,就寬恕了他和他的手下。
     理查的盾形徽章是三只獅子的圖案,三只獅子從上到下依次排列;現(xiàn)在代表英國(guó)的盾形徽章上面還有部分圖案和這個(gè)圖案一模一樣。
     在理查的十字軍東征后,又有了第四次十字軍東征,之后在公元1212年--這個(gè)年代容易記住,因?yàn)樗皇菙?shù)字12的重復(fù)--1,2,1,2--有了一次只有孩子們參加的十字軍東征。這就是所謂的兒童十字軍。由一個(gè)大約12歲的法國(guó)男孩率領(lǐng),他的名字叫司提反,是以第一個(gè)基督教殉道士的名字取名的。
     法國(guó)各地的孩子離開了家,離開了父母--而他們的父母竟然同意他們出發(fā)進(jìn)行這樣的遠(yuǎn)征,對(duì)我們來說真是不可思議--向南行軍到地中海。在海邊他們期望海水會(huì)向兩旁分開,讓他們從海中露出的干地穿行過去到達(dá)耶路撒冷,就像他們?cè)谑ソ?jīng)里讀到的那樣,紅海海水分開,讓以色列人離開埃及。但是海水并沒有分開。
     不過有些水手主動(dòng)提出用船把孩子們送到耶路撒冷。他們說這樣做不求任何回報(bào),只是出于對(duì)上帝的愛。可孩子們上船后就發(fā)現(xiàn)這些水手其實(shí)是海盜,一把孩子 們抓上船,他們就把船直接開到十字軍的敵人穆斯林的地盤。據(jù)說到那兒后,海盜把這些孩子們賣給敵人做奴隸。如果在《格林童話》里,海盜會(huì)被孩子們?cè)O(shè)的陷阱困住,可是現(xiàn)實(shí)畢竟不是童話,所以我也沒法編一個(gè)美滿的結(jié)局。
     最后一次也就是第八次十字軍東征是由法國(guó)國(guó)王路易率領(lǐng)的。他非常虔誠(chéng),把自己的全部都奉獻(xiàn)給上帝,所以他死后被封為圣徒,從此以后就被稱為圣路易。但是這次十字軍東征還是失敗了,從那時(shí)起耶路撒冷一直由穆斯林統(tǒng)治,直到1918年被英國(guó)人奪回,從1918年到1948年以色列建國(guó)之前,耶路撒冷一直由英國(guó)人掌控?,F(xiàn)在,以色列猶太人和巴勒斯坦人--穆斯林和基督徒--都想控制這座圣城。令人感到遺憾的是:這座對(duì)猶太人、基督徒和穆斯林來說都異常神圣的城市卻始終處于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的中心。
     并不是所有的十字軍戰(zhàn)士都是善良的基督徒。就像如今有些人一樣,那時(shí)很多人不過名義上是基督徒。事實(shí)上,盡管說來奇怪,相當(dāng)多的十字軍戰(zhàn)士只是尋求刺激和冒險(xiǎn)的惡棍,說穿了他們就是打著十字軍東征的名號(hào)來燒殺搶掠罷了。
     十字軍東征沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)原來的目標(biāo),為基督徒保住耶路撒冷。盡管如此,十字軍東征確實(shí)也有很多益處。十字軍東征剛開始時(shí),十字軍戰(zhàn)士的文明程度遠(yuǎn)不如他們前去征服的人們??墒怯袝r(shí)游歷比書本讓人學(xué)到更多的東西,長(zhǎng)途征戰(zhàn)讓十字軍戰(zhàn)士增長(zhǎng)了知識(shí)。他們知道了沿途各地的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,熟悉了多種語言和文學(xué),也學(xué)到了歷史和藝術(shù)。
     那時(shí)還沒有公立學(xué)校。只有很少的人接受教育。十字軍東征在當(dāng)時(shí)正是起到了學(xué)校的作用。它讓歐洲人增長(zhǎng)了見識(shí),也為他們打開了一個(gè)全新的文化和知識(shí)的世界。




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