走進(jìn)哈佛大學(xué)：從宗教大學(xué)到非宗教大學(xué)

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Harvard College was founded in 1636 as a Puritan institution and a training ground for ministers. In the first 200 years, however, it gradually shook off the religious control and became a secular university.

1636年哈佛學(xué)院成立時(shí)，是個(gè)清教機(jī)構(gòu)和培養(yǎng)牧師的地方。但在前200年它逐漸擺脫了宗教控制，成為一所非宗教大學(xué)。

During its early years, the College offered a classic academic course based on the English university model but consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy of the first colonists in New England. Many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Puritan churches throughout New England. The Puritan minister in town provided direct oversight of Harvard.

早期的哈佛學(xué)院按照英國大學(xué)的模式開設(shè)了古典學(xué)術(shù)課程，但這些課程仍都保持與新英格蘭第一批殖民者的清教哲學(xué)一致。早期很多學(xué)生畢業(yè)后都繼續(xù)在新英格蘭各地的清教教堂里當(dāng)牧師。劍橋(又稱坎布里奇)鎮(zhèn)上的清教牧師直接監(jiān)督哈佛大學(xué)。

Harvard’s early motto was Christo et Ecclesiae “For Christ and the Church” instead of Veritas “Truth”. The purpose of all education was to “let every student be plainly instructed, and earnestly pressed to consider well, the main end of his life and studies is, to know God and Jesus Christ which is eternal life, and therefore to lay Christ in the bottom, as the only foundation of all sound knowledge and learning.”

哈佛大學(xué)早期的校訓(xùn)是“為基督，為教會(huì)”而不是“真理”。教育的全部意義在 于“讓每一位學(xué)生都認(rèn)真考慮以認(rèn)識神與耶穌基督為永生之源，作為他人生與學(xué)習(xí)的 主要目標(biāo)，因而以基督作為一切正統(tǒng)知識和學(xué)習(xí)的惟一基礎(chǔ)。”

Obviously, this motto was preached during a period when Puritanism was in domination and when the Untied States had not yet founded. From 1607 when the first English colony Jamestown was founded to 1776 when American Revolution broke out, almost all the English colonies in North America had established religions. These colonies discriminated and persecuted believers in deism and atheism, and restricted the development of science. Even so, Harvard College was brave enough to struggle against Puritanism. The 1708 election of the first president John Leverett marked a turning of the College toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. Although he was a clergyman, Leverett set the principle of independence of Harvard academy of religion.

非常明顯，這個(gè)校訓(xùn)是在美國建國前的宗教專制時(shí)期鼓吹的。從1607年第一個(gè)英屬殖民地詹姆斯敦建立開始，直至1776年的美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭，北美洲各英屬殖民地 都有法定宗教。這些殖民地歧視和迫害自然神論和無神論的信仰者，并且限制科學(xué)的發(fā)展。即便如此，哈佛學(xué)院仍勇敢地同清教主義做斗爭。1708年第一任校長約翰·李維立特的當(dāng)選標(biāo)志著哈佛學(xué)院開始獨(dú)立于清教。雖然李維立特是個(gè)牧師，但他確定了哈佛學(xué)術(shù)獨(dú)立于宗教的原則。

After the foundation of the United States，Christian tyranny was eliminated and the cause of education which pursued truth and science began to develop. Then in 1805 the takeover of Harvard by the Unitarians resulted in the secularization of Harvard. In 1843, Veritas “Truth” was adopted as the motto.

美國建國后，消滅了基督教專制，追求真理和科學(xué)的教育事業(yè)開始發(fā)展起來。1805年一位論派接管了哈佛，致使哈佛從宗教中分離出來。1843年“真理”成為哈佛校訓(xùn)。

Harvard University is a secular university now. However, there has, in recent years, been voices criticizing its secularity. Some people argue that the study of religion at Harvard is uniquely dysfunctional while the study is very important to analyze today’s world. They argue for more attention to the study of religion. It seems that the war between “reason” and “faith” will go on.

哈佛大學(xué)現(xiàn)在是個(gè)非宗教大學(xué)。但近些年來一直有聲音批評其世俗化。一些人爭辯說哈佛的宗教研究 極其不到位，而宗教研究對于分析當(dāng)今世界是非常重 要的。這些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該給予宗教研宂更多的關(guān)注?？磥?ldquo;理性”和“信仰”之爭會(huì)持續(xù)下去。